Análisis del desempeño técnico y ambiental de pinchips de eucalipto y/o residuo de cáñamo como reemplazo del cáñamo virgen en el Hempcrete.
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Date
2024
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Los aislantes térmicos tradicionales poseen una carga ambiental importante, ya que son productos que en su composición son derivados del petróleo y del plástico en su composición. En respuesta a esta problemática, surgen opciones más sustentables. Dentro de las alternativas a materiales aislantes térmicos de viviendas se encuentran el uso de materiales de origen vegetal, como lo es el Hempcrete, compuesto de cáñamo, cal y agua, que desarrolla baja resistencias mecánicas pero que compensa con propiedades térmicas que permiten clasificarlo como aislante térmico. Este tipo de material posee una variabilidad de comportamiento una vez finalizado, producto de procesos no estandarizados en su confección, como lo es la compactación y la trabajabilidad lo que representa un desafío para el diseño de mezclas. Por otra parte, al ser una alternativa sustentable, el hempcrete utiliza cáñamo en estado virgen, por lo que resulta interesante analizar residuos como reemplazo de este. En Chile, las industrias forestal y agrícola se posicionan como una de las principales actividades económicas y el reciclaje de sus subproductos y residuos posee un gran potencial técnico y ambiental.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar mezclas basadas en cal pinchips de eucalipto y/o residuo de cáñamo con el fin de evaluar su factibilidad como reemplazo de hempcrete para su uso práctico como aislante térmico de muros. Para ello, se realizó una revisión del estado del arte que permitiera determinar las dosificaciones, métodos de mezclas, propiedades mecánicas, trabajabilidad, compactación y secado. Finalmente, se realizó el análisis de ciclo de vida para comprender de manera integral cómo estas mezclas afectan el medio ambiente, proporcionando información valiosa para la toma de decisiones en la elección de materiales de construcción.
Los resultados muestran que los residuos estudiados presentan evidentes similitudes en cuanto a propiedades físicas, químicas, distribución granulométrica, así como en su comportamiento mecánico. Con respecto a las mezclas, se obtienen densidades que pueden asociarse a conductividades térmicas propias de hempcrete y resistencias a la compresión suficientes para uso práctico en la aislación de muros. Las mezclas con mejor desempeño técnico y ambiental fueron las que estaban compuestas 100% por residuo de cáñamo, 50% de pinchips de eucalipto y 50% residuo de cáñamo, 60% de pinchips de eucalipto y 40% de residuo de cáñamo.
Traditional thermal insulators carry a significant environmental burden as they are products derived from petroleum and plastic. In response to this issue, more sustainable alternatives have emerged. Among the alternatives for home thermal insulation materials, the use of plant-based materials such as Hempcrete is notable. Hempcrete, composed of hemp, lime, and water, exhibits low mechanical resistance but compensates with thermal properties that classify it as a thermal insulating material. This type of material shows variability in behavior once completed due to non-standardized processes in its fabrication, such as compaction and workability, posing a challenge for mix design. Furthermore, being a sustainable alternative, Hempcrete uses virgin hemp, making it interesting to analyze waste as a replacement for it in efforts to increase the use of residues. In Chile, the forestry and agricultural industries stand as one of the main economic activities, and the recycling of their by-products and residues holds great technical and environmental potential. The objective of this research was to analyze mixtures based on lime, eucalyptus pinchips, and/or hemp residue to assess their feasibility as a replacement for hempcrete for practical use as thermal insulation for walls. To achieve this, a state of the art review was conducted to determine the dosages, mixing methods, mechanical properties, workability, compaction, and drying processes of these mixtures. Finally, a Life Cycle Assessment was performed to comprehensively understand how these mixtures impact the environment, providing valuable information for decision making in the selection of construction materials. The results show that the studied residues exhibit clear similarities in terms of physical, chemical properties, granulometric distribution, as well as in their mechanical behavior. Regarding the mixtures, densities are obtained that can be associated with thermal conductivities typical of hempcrete, and compressive strengths are sufficient for practical use in wall insulation. The mixtures with the best technical and environmental performance were those composed of 100% waste hemp, 50% eucalyptus pinchips, and 50% waste hemp, as well as 60% eucalyptus pinchips and 40% waste hemp.
Traditional thermal insulators carry a significant environmental burden as they are products derived from petroleum and plastic. In response to this issue, more sustainable alternatives have emerged. Among the alternatives for home thermal insulation materials, the use of plant-based materials such as Hempcrete is notable. Hempcrete, composed of hemp, lime, and water, exhibits low mechanical resistance but compensates with thermal properties that classify it as a thermal insulating material. This type of material shows variability in behavior once completed due to non-standardized processes in its fabrication, such as compaction and workability, posing a challenge for mix design. Furthermore, being a sustainable alternative, Hempcrete uses virgin hemp, making it interesting to analyze waste as a replacement for it in efforts to increase the use of residues. In Chile, the forestry and agricultural industries stand as one of the main economic activities, and the recycling of their by-products and residues holds great technical and environmental potential. The objective of this research was to analyze mixtures based on lime, eucalyptus pinchips, and/or hemp residue to assess their feasibility as a replacement for hempcrete for practical use as thermal insulation for walls. To achieve this, a state of the art review was conducted to determine the dosages, mixing methods, mechanical properties, workability, compaction, and drying processes of these mixtures. Finally, a Life Cycle Assessment was performed to comprehensively understand how these mixtures impact the environment, providing valuable information for decision making in the selection of construction materials. The results show that the studied residues exhibit clear similarities in terms of physical, chemical properties, granulometric distribution, as well as in their mechanical behavior. Regarding the mixtures, densities are obtained that can be associated with thermal conductivities typical of hempcrete, and compressive strengths are sufficient for practical use in wall insulation. The mixtures with the best technical and environmental performance were those composed of 100% waste hemp, 50% eucalyptus pinchips, and 50% waste hemp, as well as 60% eucalyptus pinchips and 40% waste hemp.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería con mención en Ingeniería Civil
Keywords
Aislante, Viviendas, Eucaliptos, Cáñamo