Los déficit hídricos tardíos mejoran la productividad del agua y los mecanismos fisiológicos y microbiológicos de tolerancia a sequía en ciruelo europeo injertado sobre un portainjerto enanizante y en super alta densidad
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Date
2024
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Durante los últimos años, los huertos de ciruelo europeo se han establecido en super alta densidad, conducidos en seto e injertados sobre portainjertos enanos. El ciruelo europeo es ampliamente reconocido como un cultivo frutal tolerante al estrés hídrico. A pesar de esto, las principales regiones productoras de ciruelo europeo en Chile se han visto afectadas por reducciones considerables en la disponibilidad de agua para riego debido al cambio climático. El riego deficitario controlado se utiliza en ciruelo europeo no solo para inducir incrementos en el rendimiento seco, sino también para aumentar la productividad del agua. Al inicio de la maduración del fruto, se evaluaron dos regímenes de riego (convencional y deficitario) en plantas maduras de ciruelo europeo (Prunus domestica L. cv. French) establecidas en super alta densidad en Peralillo, Chile, durante dos temporadas consecutivas. Los resultados mostraron que las plantas bajo riego deficitario controlado tardío oscilaron entre un estrés hídrico moderado (-1.4≤Ѱstem≤-1.2 MPa) y severo (<-1.7 MPa). Las plantas bajo riego deficitario tardío tendieron a presentar mayores porcentajes de bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal, particularmente del género Azospirullum. A pesar del corto periodo de tiempo en que las plantas estuvieron sometidas a estrés hídrico, este condujo a un ahorro considerable de agua y no causó reducciones ni en el rendimiento ni en la calidad de la fruta fresca y seca, lo que aumento la productividad del agua entre un 42 % y un 47 %. El presente estudio provee de evidencia que sostienen que el riego deficitario controlado tardío es una práctica sostenible y resiliente que no sólo permite ahorrar agua, sino también mejorar la microbiota de los suelos, lo cual es particularmente relevante en el escenario actual de sequía en muchas zonas productoras de fruta en el mundo.
In recent years, European plum orchards have been established at super high density, hedge trained and grafted on dwarfing rootstocks. European plum is widely recognized as a water stress tolerant fruit crop. Despite this, the main European plum growing regions in Chile have been affected by considerable reductions in irrigation water availability due to climate change. Controlled deficit irrigation is used in European plum not only to induce increases in dry yield, but also to increase water productivity. At the onset of fruit ripening, two irrigation regimes (conventional and deficit) were evaluated on mature European plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. French) plants established at super high density in Peralillo, Chile, during two consecutive seasons. Results showed that plants under late controlled deficit irrigation ranged from moderate (-1.4≤Ѱstem≤-1.2MPa) to severe (<-1.7 MPa) water stress. Plants under late deficit irrigation tended to have higher percentages of plant growth-promoting bacteria, particularly of the genus Azospirullum. Despite the short period of time that plants were subjected to water stress, it led to considerable water savings and did not cause reductions in either yield or quality of fresh and dry fruit, increasing water productivity by 42 % to 47 %. The present study provides evidence that late controlled deficit irrigation is a sustainable and resilient practice that not only saves water but also improves soil microbiota, which is particularly relevant in the current drought scenario in many fruit-growing areas of the world.
In recent years, European plum orchards have been established at super high density, hedge trained and grafted on dwarfing rootstocks. European plum is widely recognized as a water stress tolerant fruit crop. Despite this, the main European plum growing regions in Chile have been affected by considerable reductions in irrigation water availability due to climate change. Controlled deficit irrigation is used in European plum not only to induce increases in dry yield, but also to increase water productivity. At the onset of fruit ripening, two irrigation regimes (conventional and deficit) were evaluated on mature European plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. French) plants established at super high density in Peralillo, Chile, during two consecutive seasons. Results showed that plants under late controlled deficit irrigation ranged from moderate (-1.4≤Ѱstem≤-1.2MPa) to severe (<-1.7 MPa) water stress. Plants under late deficit irrigation tended to have higher percentages of plant growth-promoting bacteria, particularly of the genus Azospirullum. Despite the short period of time that plants were subjected to water stress, it led to considerable water savings and did not cause reductions in either yield or quality of fresh and dry fruit, increasing water productivity by 42 % to 47 %. The present study provides evidence that late controlled deficit irrigation is a sustainable and resilient practice that not only saves water but also improves soil microbiota, which is particularly relevant in the current drought scenario in many fruit-growing areas of the world.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agronómicas
Keywords
Ciruelo Europeo, Injertos (Agricultura), Riego - Administración