Influencia de diferentes manejos agronómicos en la actividad microbiológica del suelo y capacidad antioxidante del fruto de calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forst)
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Date
2024
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forts) tiene frutos con polifenoles beneficiosos para la salud humana; sin embargo, su producción se limita a poblaciones silvestre de baja productividad. El manejo agronómico es una alternativa para mejorar la productividad y/o características bioactivas de fruta en huertos, ya que, mediante distintas prácticas como el riego, fertilización, control de malezas o densidad de plantación, modifica las condiciones fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas del suelo necesarias para el ciclo de nutrientes involucrados en el desarrollo vegetativo, funcionamiento fisiológico y productividad de las plantas. Este estudio evaluó el efecto sobre el suelo, planta y frutos de cuatro manejos agronómicos sobre un huerto de calafate del centro-sur de Chile: dosis de riego (0, 50, 100 y 150% de la evapotranspiración de referencia [ET0]), tipos de mulch (sin mulch, geotextil, paja de avena, cáscara de avellana), dosis de fertilización orgánica (0, 5, 10 y 15 t ha-1 de compost) y densidades de plantación (6667, 3333, 2222 y 1667 plantas ha-1). Los resultados demostraron que, el riego, mulch, fertilización y densidad de plantación favoreció la actividad biológica del suelo, desarrollo de la planta y productividad de frutos de calafate. Regar con 50% de la ET0, optimiza el agua, y mejoró el suelo con más biomasa microbiana (33%), respiración basal (18%) y actividad enzimática (46% deshidrogenasa y 12% fosfatasa) que sin riego. Además, favoreció a la planta con mayor conductancia estomática (34%) e índice de clorofila (45%) que sin riego, manteniendo frutos con similares antocianas (286,4 mg 100 g-1) y capacidad
antioxidante ORAC (1011 µmol TE 100 g-1) que riego de 100% de la ET0. El mulch favoreció la actividad biológica del suelo y calidad de los frutos de calafate. La cascara de avellana mejoró el suelo con más actividad microbiana (40%), respiración basal (31%) y actividad de la ureasa (20%) que sin mulch. Aunque las funciones fisiológicas de la planta y rendimiento no mejoraron con la cascara de avellana, la calidad de fruta mejoró, con incrementos de 24% en antocianinas y 30% en capacidad antioxidante ORAC que paja de avena. La fertilización orgánica benefició la biomasa microbiana del suelo, desarrollo de la planta, rendimiento y calidad de frutos. La dosis de 10 t ha-1 mejoró la microbiología del suelo más biomasa microbiana (33%) y respiración basal (40%) que sin fertilización. También, favoreció a la planta con aumento del índice de área foliar (33%) e índice de clorofila (30%), y condujo a una producción de fruta 37% más alta con 2.7 veces más antocianinas y 12% más capacidad antioxidante ORAC que sin fertilización. Las densidades de plantación mejoraron la respuesta microbiológica del suelo, el desarrollo de la planta y calidad de los frutos. La densidad tradicional (3333 plantas ha-1) produjo un suelo con mayor respiración basal (13%) y actividad de ureasa (29%) que alta densidad (6667 plantas ha-1). Además, la planta se vio favorecida aumentando 42% el índice de área foliar y 17% la conductancia estomática que una alta densidad, mientras que hubo un aumento en la calidad de fruta en comparación a una densidad alta, con 39% más contenido de polifenoles totales y 58% más capacidad antioxidante DPPH.
Estos resultados son consistentes en demostrar que es posible aumentar la productividad y calidad del calafate, así como la actividad microbiológica y enzimática del suelo, mediante manejos agronómicos de riego, mulch, fertilización orgánica y densidad de plantación. Esta información es relevante para el establecimiento de nuevos huertos de calafate en Chile.
Calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forts.) has fruits with polyphenols that are beneficial to human health; however, its production is limited to wild populations with low productivity. Agronomic management is an alternative to improve the productivity and/or bioactive characteristics of fruits in orchards because, through different practices such as irrigation, fertilization, weed control, or planting density, it modifies the physicochemical and microbiological conditions of the soil necessary for the cycling of nutrients involved in vegetative development, physiological functioning, and plant productivity. This study evaluated the effect on soil, plant and fruit of four agronomic managements on a calafate orchard in south-central Chile: irrigation doses (0, 50, 100 and 150% of reference evapotranspiration [ET0]), mulch types (no mulch, geotextile, oat straw, hazelnut shell), organic fertilization doses (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1 of compost) and planting densities (6667, 3333, 2222 and 1667 plants ha-1). The results showed that irrigation, mulching, fertilization, and planting density favored soil biological activity, plant development, and calafate fruit productivity. Irrigation at 50% of ET0 optimized water and improved soil microbial biomass (33%), basal respiration (18%), and enzyme activity (46% dehydrogenase and 12% phosphatase) than without irrigation. In addition, it favored the plant with higher stomatal conductance (34%) and chlorophyll index (45%) than without irrigation, maintaining fruits with similar anthocyanins (286.4 mg 100 g-1) and ORAC antioxidant capacity (1011 µmol TE 100 g-1) than irrigation of 100% of ET0. Mulching favored soil biological activity and the quality of calafate fruits. Hazelnut husks improved soil microbial activity (40%), basal respiration (31%), and urease activity (20%) compared to those without mulch. Although plant physiological functions and yield did not improve with hazelnut hulls, fruit quality improved, with 24% higher anthocyanin content and 30% higher ORAC antioxidant capacity than oat straw. Organic fertilization improves soil microbial biomass, plant development, yield, and fruit quality. A dose of 10t ha-1 improved soil microbiology by increasing microbial biomass (33%) and basal respiration (40%) than without fertilization. It also favored plants with an increased leaf area index (33%) and chlorophyll index (30%), and led to a 37% higher fruit yield with 2.7 times more anthocyanins and 12% more ORAC antioxidant capacity than those without fertilization. Planting densities improved the soil microbiological response, plant development, and fruit quality. Traditional density (3333 plants ha-1) produced soil with higher basal respiration (13%) and urease activity (29%) than high density (6667 plants ha-1). In addition, the plant had a 42% higher leaf area index and 17% higher stomatal conductance than high-density plants, while there was an increase in fruit quality compared to high-density plants, with 39% higher total polyphenol content and 58% higher DPPH antioxidant capacity. These results are consistent in demonstrating that it is possible to increase the productivity and quality of calafate, as well as the microbiological and enzymatic activity of the soil, through agronomic management of irrigation, mulching, organic fertilization, and planting density. This information is relevant to the establishment of new calafate orchards in Chile.
Calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forts.) has fruits with polyphenols that are beneficial to human health; however, its production is limited to wild populations with low productivity. Agronomic management is an alternative to improve the productivity and/or bioactive characteristics of fruits in orchards because, through different practices such as irrigation, fertilization, weed control, or planting density, it modifies the physicochemical and microbiological conditions of the soil necessary for the cycling of nutrients involved in vegetative development, physiological functioning, and plant productivity. This study evaluated the effect on soil, plant and fruit of four agronomic managements on a calafate orchard in south-central Chile: irrigation doses (0, 50, 100 and 150% of reference evapotranspiration [ET0]), mulch types (no mulch, geotextile, oat straw, hazelnut shell), organic fertilization doses (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1 of compost) and planting densities (6667, 3333, 2222 and 1667 plants ha-1). The results showed that irrigation, mulching, fertilization, and planting density favored soil biological activity, plant development, and calafate fruit productivity. Irrigation at 50% of ET0 optimized water and improved soil microbial biomass (33%), basal respiration (18%), and enzyme activity (46% dehydrogenase and 12% phosphatase) than without irrigation. In addition, it favored the plant with higher stomatal conductance (34%) and chlorophyll index (45%) than without irrigation, maintaining fruits with similar anthocyanins (286.4 mg 100 g-1) and ORAC antioxidant capacity (1011 µmol TE 100 g-1) than irrigation of 100% of ET0. Mulching favored soil biological activity and the quality of calafate fruits. Hazelnut husks improved soil microbial activity (40%), basal respiration (31%), and urease activity (20%) compared to those without mulch. Although plant physiological functions and yield did not improve with hazelnut hulls, fruit quality improved, with 24% higher anthocyanin content and 30% higher ORAC antioxidant capacity than oat straw. Organic fertilization improves soil microbial biomass, plant development, yield, and fruit quality. A dose of 10t ha-1 improved soil microbiology by increasing microbial biomass (33%) and basal respiration (40%) than without fertilization. It also favored plants with an increased leaf area index (33%) and chlorophyll index (30%), and led to a 37% higher fruit yield with 2.7 times more anthocyanins and 12% more ORAC antioxidant capacity than those without fertilization. Planting densities improved the soil microbiological response, plant development, and fruit quality. Traditional density (3333 plants ha-1) produced soil with higher basal respiration (13%) and urease activity (29%) than high density (6667 plants ha-1). In addition, the plant had a 42% higher leaf area index and 17% higher stomatal conductance than high-density plants, while there was an increase in fruit quality compared to high-density plants, with 39% higher total polyphenol content and 58% higher DPPH antioxidant capacity. These results are consistent in demonstrating that it is possible to increase the productivity and quality of calafate, as well as the microbiological and enzymatic activity of the soil, through agronomic management of irrigation, mulching, organic fertilization, and planting density. This information is relevant to the establishment of new calafate orchards in Chile.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias de la Agronomía
Keywords
Calafate, Antioxidantes - Pruebas