Manejo de frutos dobles en cerezos a través de mallas foto-selectivas: aspectos microclimáticos y fisiológicos
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Date
2024
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Los frutos dobles y la sutura profunda son desordenes fisiológicos asociados con altas temperaturas y que afecta negativamente la producción de cerezas en áreas con veranos calurosos, problema que se ha visto incrementado debido al escenario actual del cambio climático. Esta investigación evaluó el uso de mallas con diferentes colores y densidad de hilos para prevenir la incidencia de frutos dobles y sutura profunda en cerezos. Se evaluaron tres diseños de mallas con las siguientes configuraciones de color y distancia entre hilos: perla a 2.12 mm x gris a 4.01 mm (PG); gris a 2.16 mm x azul 5.49 mm (GB) y cristal a 2.7 mm x cristal a 7.37 mm (CR). Se cubrieron 2,726 m2 de los huertos de cerezo ‘Santina’, ‘Regina’ y ‘Lapins’ (bloques) con cada tipo de malla, dejando la misma superficie sin malla como control. Se evaluó las condiciones microclimaticas incluyendo la temperatura del aire (Taire, ºC); humedad relativa (HR,%); radiación solar (RS, W m-2); temperatura de la yema(Tyema, ºC); déficit de presión de vapor (DPV, kPa) y las características fisiológicas de la planta (intercambio gaseoso de la hoja y potencial hídrico del tallo). Se cuantificó la incidencia de pistilos dobles en floración, y frutos dobles en estados inmaduros y a cosecha, además de la sutura profunda de tipo leve, moderada y severa. Las mallas PG y GB disminuyeron significativamente la incidencia de pistilos dobles a floración (p=0.0007) en un 88%, y frutos dobles en estados inmaduros (p=0.0016) y frutos dobles a cosecha (p=0.0001) en un 79% y 89%, respectivamente respecto al control. La malla CR disminuyó con menor efectividad (44%) y solo a cosecha la incidencia de frutos dobles. El uso de mallas, independiente del diseño (color de los hilos y densidad) disminuyeron con la misma significancia (p=0.0045) y magnitud (75%) la sutura profunda, pero solo aquella de tipo severa. Las mallas PG y GB redujeron en un 22% la radiación global, mientras que esta reducción fue de un 10% con la malla CR. La Tyema fue entre 1.5 y 2.5 °C menor con mallas PG y GB y entre 0.9 y 1.2 °C más baja con la malla CR. Se encontró una relación significativa de la incidencia de frutos dobles (R2=0,62) y sutura severa (R2=0,53) con la radiación RS. Sin embargo, la magnitud de variación en respuesta a la RS fue mayor en frutos dobles (β1=0.02) que en sutura profunda (β1=0.0047). Estos resultados sugieren que ligeras variaciones en el color y densidad de los hilos influyen en la incidencia de frutos dobles en cerezos, afectado por cambios en las condiciones de la RS, siendo las mallas PG y GB las herramientas más prometedoras para prevenir la ocurrencia de este desorden en cerezos. Por el contrario, la sutura profunda dependería de otros factores ambientales y no estaría necesariamente regulada por el diseño de la malla.
Double fruit and deep suture are fruit physiological disorders associated with high temperatures, which negatively affect cherry production in areas with hot summers, with an increasing impact due to the current climate change scenario. This study evaluated the use of netting of different thread colors and density to prevent double fruit and deep suture incidence in cherry. Three different netting designs were evaluated: pearl at 2.1 mm warp x gray at 4.0 mm weft spacing (PG); gray at 2.1 mm warp x blue 5.4 mm weft spacing (GB); and crystal at 2.7 mm warp x crystal at 7.3 mm weft spacing (CR). Plots of 2,726 m2 of ‘Santina’, ‘Regina’, and ‘Lapins’ cherry trees (blocks) were covered using the protective nets under study, whereas a control treatment consisting of non-covered trees (plot of the same size) was also included. Microclimatic conditions, including air temperature (Tair, ºC), relative humidity (RH, %), solar radiation (SR, W m-2), bud temperature (Tbud, ºC), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD, kPa) were determined, while physiological parameters (leaf gas exchange and stem water potential) were also evaluated. The incidence of double pistils at flowering, double fruit at immature stages and harvest, and deep suture (mild, moderate, and severe damage) were quantified. The results showed that PG and GB nets significantly decreased the incidence of double pistils at flowering (p = 0.0007) by 88%, and double fruit at immature stages (p = 0.0016) and harvest (p = 0.0001) by 79% and 89% with respect to the control, respectively. CR netting decreased the occurrence of double fruits with less effectiveness (44%) and only at harvest. The use of all netting, regardless of netting design (thread color and density), reduced deep suture with the same significance (p=0.0045) and magnitude (75%), but only in case of severe damage. PG and GB nets reduced SR by 22%, while the CR net reduced it by 10%. Similarly, Tbud was reduced between 1.5 and 2.5 °C under PG and GB nets, and between 0.9 and 1.2 °C under the CR net. There was a significant relationship between the incidence of both physiological disorders, double fruit (R2=0.62) and severe suture (R2=0.53) and SR. However, the magnitude of variation in response to RS was greater for double fruit (β1=0.02) when compared to deep suture (β1=0.0047). These results suggest that slight variations in thread color and density influence double fruit incidence in cherry, being also affected by changes in SR conditions, with PG and GB nets being the most promising tools to prevent the occurrence of this disorder. Conversely, deep suture incidence would depend on other environmental factors and would not necessarily be regulated by netting design.
Double fruit and deep suture are fruit physiological disorders associated with high temperatures, which negatively affect cherry production in areas with hot summers, with an increasing impact due to the current climate change scenario. This study evaluated the use of netting of different thread colors and density to prevent double fruit and deep suture incidence in cherry. Three different netting designs were evaluated: pearl at 2.1 mm warp x gray at 4.0 mm weft spacing (PG); gray at 2.1 mm warp x blue 5.4 mm weft spacing (GB); and crystal at 2.7 mm warp x crystal at 7.3 mm weft spacing (CR). Plots of 2,726 m2 of ‘Santina’, ‘Regina’, and ‘Lapins’ cherry trees (blocks) were covered using the protective nets under study, whereas a control treatment consisting of non-covered trees (plot of the same size) was also included. Microclimatic conditions, including air temperature (Tair, ºC), relative humidity (RH, %), solar radiation (SR, W m-2), bud temperature (Tbud, ºC), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD, kPa) were determined, while physiological parameters (leaf gas exchange and stem water potential) were also evaluated. The incidence of double pistils at flowering, double fruit at immature stages and harvest, and deep suture (mild, moderate, and severe damage) were quantified. The results showed that PG and GB nets significantly decreased the incidence of double pistils at flowering (p = 0.0007) by 88%, and double fruit at immature stages (p = 0.0016) and harvest (p = 0.0001) by 79% and 89% with respect to the control, respectively. CR netting decreased the occurrence of double fruits with less effectiveness (44%) and only at harvest. The use of all netting, regardless of netting design (thread color and density), reduced deep suture with the same significance (p=0.0045) and magnitude (75%), but only in case of severe damage. PG and GB nets reduced SR by 22%, while the CR net reduced it by 10%. Similarly, Tbud was reduced between 1.5 and 2.5 °C under PG and GB nets, and between 0.9 and 1.2 °C under the CR net. There was a significant relationship between the incidence of both physiological disorders, double fruit (R2=0.62) and severe suture (R2=0.53) and SR. However, the magnitude of variation in response to RS was greater for double fruit (β1=0.02) when compared to deep suture (β1=0.0047). These results suggest that slight variations in thread color and density influence double fruit incidence in cherry, being also affected by changes in SR conditions, with PG and GB nets being the most promising tools to prevent the occurrence of this disorder. Conversely, deep suture incidence would depend on other environmental factors and would not necessarily be regulated by netting design.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias Agronómicas
Keywords
Cerezas - Maduración, Malla, tejido de, Cambio climático