Programas de fungicidas biológicos y químicos apoyados en trampas de esporas y detección basada en PCR para el manejo del oídio en huertos de avellano europeo
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La rápida expansión del cultivo de avellano europeo (Corylus avellana L.) en Chile ha favorecido la aparición y diseminación de enfermedades, destacando el oídio causado por Phyllactinia guttata. Este patógeno, reportado por primera vez en el país en 2006, ha mostrado en los últimos años infecciones más agresivas, provocando defoliación prematura y estrés fisiológico en las plantas, lo que amenaza la productividad y sostenibilidad del cultivo. En este estudio se evaluó la recurrencia de P. guttata en huertos del centro-sur de Chile y se diseñó un sistema de detección temprana basado en trampas de esporas y diagnóstico molecular por PCR. A partir de esta herramienta, se implementaron y compararon distintos programas fitosanitarios que integraron fungicidas químicos y biológicos, con el objetivo de establecer estrategias de manejo más específicas, eficientes y sostenibles. Los resultados confirmaron la presencia generalizada de P. guttata y demostraron que el monitoreo mediante trampas de esporas combinado con PCR permite detectar el patógeno antes de la manifestación de síntomas visibles. Los programas fitosanitarios basados en fungicidas químicos fueron los que presentaron la mayor eficacia en el control de la enfermedad, mientras que aquellos que incorporaron ingredientes activos biológicos mostraron una eficacia moderada, pero con un menor impacto ambiental potencial. Estos hallazgos evidencian que la integración de herramientas de detección temprana en programas fitosanitarios permite optimizar el momento de aplicación de fungicidas, mejorar la eficacia del control del oídio en avellano y reducir el uso innecesario de productos, contribuyendo así a un manejo integrado de enfermedades más sostenible en este cultivo en expansión en Chile.
The rapid expansion of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivation in Chile has favored the emergence and spread of diseases, particularly powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia guttata. This pathogen, first reported in the country in 2006, has shown increasingly aggressive infections in recent years, causing premature defoliation and physiological stress in plants, which threatens the productivity and sustainability of the crop. In this study, the recurrence of P. guttata was evaluated in hazelnut orchards in south-central Chile, and a detection system based on spore traps and PCR molecular diagnostics was designed. Using this tool, different plant protection programs integrating chemical and biological fungicides were implemented and compared, with the aim of establishing more specific, efficient, and sustainable management strategies. The results confirmed the widespread presence of P. guttata and demonstrated that monitoring using spore traps combined with PCR makes it possible to detect the pathogen before the appearance of visible symptoms. Plant protection programs based on chemical fungicides showed the highest efficacy in controlling the disease, while those incorporating biological active ingredients exhibited moderate efficacy but with lower potential environmental impact. These findings show that integrating detection tools into plant protection programs can optimize the timing of fungicide applications, improve the effectiveness of powdery mildew control in hazelnut, and reduce the unnecessary use of products, thereby contributing to a more sustainable integrated disease management in this expanding crop in Chile.
The rapid expansion of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivation in Chile has favored the emergence and spread of diseases, particularly powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia guttata. This pathogen, first reported in the country in 2006, has shown increasingly aggressive infections in recent years, causing premature defoliation and physiological stress in plants, which threatens the productivity and sustainability of the crop. In this study, the recurrence of P. guttata was evaluated in hazelnut orchards in south-central Chile, and a detection system based on spore traps and PCR molecular diagnostics was designed. Using this tool, different plant protection programs integrating chemical and biological fungicides were implemented and compared, with the aim of establishing more specific, efficient, and sustainable management strategies. The results confirmed the widespread presence of P. guttata and demonstrated that monitoring using spore traps combined with PCR makes it possible to detect the pathogen before the appearance of visible symptoms. Plant protection programs based on chemical fungicides showed the highest efficacy in controlling the disease, while those incorporating biological active ingredients exhibited moderate efficacy but with lower potential environmental impact. These findings show that integrating detection tools into plant protection programs can optimize the timing of fungicide applications, improve the effectiveness of powdery mildew control in hazelnut, and reduce the unnecessary use of products, thereby contributing to a more sustainable integrated disease management in this expanding crop in Chile.
Description
Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias de la Agronomía
Keywords
Avellano europeo, Phyllactinia guttata, Fungicidas