Evaluación inicial de los tratamientos de control para la invasión de Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon. En la Patagonia chilena.
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La invasión de especies exóticas representa una de las principales amenazas para la biodiversidad y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas. En la Patagonia chilena, Pinus contorta ha mostrado una alta capacidad invasora, afectando ecosistemas de estepa. Esta investigación evaluó la efectividad de distintos tratamientos de control —mecánicos y químicos— aplicados a individuos naturalizados de P. contorta, así como sus efectos sobre la vegetación nativa y exótica en Coyhaique Alto, Aysén. Se implementaron dos esquemas principales: (i) corta de individuos con y sin aplicación de herbicida (triclopir), bajo tres modalidades de manejo de residuos (con desechos, triturado dentro y desechos fuera); y (ii) anillado de árboles mediante remoción manual de corteza, inyección de triclopir y un tratamiento testigo. A través de modelos mixtos, se analizaron variables de ramas basales, el daño en copa, la riqueza y cobertura de especies, y la capacidad de re-invasión.
El anillado manual fue el tratamiento más efectivo para inducir daño en la copa, especialmente en árboles pequeños. El anillado químico tuvo un efecto moderado y sostenido, reduciendo la regeneración sin favorecer la re-invasión. En los tratamientos de corta, la presencia de ramas vivas se relacionó negativamente con el diámetro del tocón. La riqueza de especies se mantuvo estable, mientras que la cobertura tuvo una reduccion. Los resultados sugieren que estas estrategias pueden ser efectivas si se integran con monitoreo y restauración, contribuyendo al diseño de planes de manejo adaptados a la realidad ecológica de la Patagonia chilena.
The invasion of exotic species represents one of the main threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In the Chilean Patagonia, Pinus contorta has shown a high invasive capacity, affecting steppe ecosystems. This study evaluated the effectiveness of various control treatments—both mechanical and chemical— applied to naturalized individuals of P. contorta, as well as their effects on native and exotic vegetation in Coyhaique Alto, Aysén Region. Two main strategies were implemented: (i) tree cutting with and without herbicide application (triclopyr), under three debris management modalities (with debris, chipped in place, and debris removed) and (ii) girdling of trees by manual bark removal, triclopyr injection, and a control (untreated) group. Using mixed models, the study analyzed variables such as basal branch presence, crown damage, species richness and cover, and the potential for re-invasion. Manual girdling was the most effective treatment in inducing crown damage, particularly in smaller trees. Chemical girdling showed a moderate and sustained effect, reducing regeneration without promoting re-invasion. In the cutting treatments, the presence of live basal branches was negatively associated with stump diameter. Species richness remained stable, while overall vegetation cover declined. The results suggest that these management strategies can be effective when integrated with monitoring and restoration efforts, contributing to the development of management plans adapted to the ecological context of the Chilean Patagonia.
The invasion of exotic species represents one of the main threats to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In the Chilean Patagonia, Pinus contorta has shown a high invasive capacity, affecting steppe ecosystems. This study evaluated the effectiveness of various control treatments—both mechanical and chemical— applied to naturalized individuals of P. contorta, as well as their effects on native and exotic vegetation in Coyhaique Alto, Aysén Region. Two main strategies were implemented: (i) tree cutting with and without herbicide application (triclopyr), under three debris management modalities (with debris, chipped in place, and debris removed) and (ii) girdling of trees by manual bark removal, triclopyr injection, and a control (untreated) group. Using mixed models, the study analyzed variables such as basal branch presence, crown damage, species richness and cover, and the potential for re-invasion. Manual girdling was the most effective treatment in inducing crown damage, particularly in smaller trees. Chemical girdling showed a moderate and sustained effect, reducing regeneration without promoting re-invasion. In the cutting treatments, the presence of live basal branches was negatively associated with stump diameter. Species richness remained stable, while overall vegetation cover declined. The results suggest that these management strategies can be effective when integrated with monitoring and restoration efforts, contributing to the development of management plans adapted to the ecological context of the Chilean Patagonia.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias Forestales.
Keywords
Plantas extranjeras, Manejo forestal, Ecología forestal, Pino