Caracterización de llamas en quemador patrón.
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Date
2024
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El análisis de llamas generadas por combustibles gaseosos es una de las formas de establecer parámetros de operación ideales en varios procesos industriales, optimizando la fuente térmica y reduciendo los contaminantes asociados.
La presente memoria de título tiene como objetivo caracterizar las llamas de hidrocarburos producidas por un quemador patrón con enfoque en el análisis de la radiación espectral y la estabilidad de la llama utilizando equipos optoelectrónicos. También ser el punto inicial para producir ensayos de mezclas de gas natural con hidrógeno.
Para el desarrollo del objetivo se monta un set-up experimental donde se instala el quemador patrón Gülder, el espectrómetro USB2000 que mide en un rango espectral que va desde los 200 a 850 nm, el sensor de flujo de calor GG01-250, la cámara Basler acA2440-75uc y termocuplas tipo k.
A continuación, se procede realizar mediciones experimentales en una llama de gas natural en seis puntos de operación, variando el flujo de aire para analizar la estabilidad de la llama, la variación de temperatura y la presencia de los radicales libres 𝐶𝐻, 𝑂𝐻 y 𝐶2 en tres zonas de la llama.
Las mediciones espectrales fueron consistentes con la literatura, logrando una clara diferenciación entre el ruido ambiental y los puntos de operación. Las temperaturas registradas por las termocuplas mostraron una tendencia acorde a lo esperado, aunque los valores del sensor de flujo de calor no pudieron ser validados, lo que resalta la necesidad de desarrollar un método de validación más preciso. El análisis radiativo permitió relacionar la razón 𝐶₂/𝐶𝐻 con la irradiancia y la temperatura, identificando el punto de operación 2 como el óptimo, aunque es necesario considerar más parámetros para obtener un control más completo de la combustión.
Las condiciones del laboratorio afectaron la determinación precisa de los límites de estabilidad de la llama debido a perturbaciones externas, aunque se observó una mayor estabilidad con un aumento en el exceso de aire. Este trabajo deja una guía metodológica para futuros ensayos de gas natural con hidrógeno, subrayando la importancia de seguir mejorando las técnicas de medición y control para optimizar la eficiencia de la combustión en estudios posteriores.
The analysis of flames generated by gaseous fuels is one of the key methods for establishing ideal operating parameters in various industrial processes, optimizing thermal sources and reducing associated pollutants. This thesis aims to characterize hydrocarbon flames produced by a standard burner, focusing on spectral radiation analysis and flame stability using optoelectronic equipment. It also serves as a starting point for future experiments with natural gas and hydrogen mixtures. An experimental setup was developed, which included the Gülder standard burner, the USB2000 spectrometer measuring in the 200 to 850 nm spectral range, the GG01-250 heat flux sensor, the Basler acA2440-75uc camera, and type-K thermocouples. Experimental measurements were conducted on a natural gas flame at six operational points, varying air flow to analyze flame stability, temperature variations, and the presence of free radicals 𝐶𝐻, 𝑂𝐻, and 𝐶₂ in three flame zones. The spectral measurements were consistent with literature, successfully differentiating between ambient noise and operational points. Temperatures recorded by the thermocouples followed expected trends, although heat flux sensor values could not be validated, highlighting the need for a more precise validation method. The radiative analysis linked the 𝐶₂/𝐶𝐻 ratio with irradiance and temperature, identifying operational point 2 as optimal, though additional parameters are necessary for more comprehensive combustion control. Laboratory conditions affected the precise determination of flame stability limits due to external disturbances, but greater stability was observed with increased excess air. This work provides a methodological guide for future experiments with natural gas and hydrogen, emphasizing the importance of improving measurement and control techniques to optimize combustion efficiency in subsequent studies.
The analysis of flames generated by gaseous fuels is one of the key methods for establishing ideal operating parameters in various industrial processes, optimizing thermal sources and reducing associated pollutants. This thesis aims to characterize hydrocarbon flames produced by a standard burner, focusing on spectral radiation analysis and flame stability using optoelectronic equipment. It also serves as a starting point for future experiments with natural gas and hydrogen mixtures. An experimental setup was developed, which included the Gülder standard burner, the USB2000 spectrometer measuring in the 200 to 850 nm spectral range, the GG01-250 heat flux sensor, the Basler acA2440-75uc camera, and type-K thermocouples. Experimental measurements were conducted on a natural gas flame at six operational points, varying air flow to analyze flame stability, temperature variations, and the presence of free radicals 𝐶𝐻, 𝑂𝐻, and 𝐶₂ in three flame zones. The spectral measurements were consistent with literature, successfully differentiating between ambient noise and operational points. Temperatures recorded by the thermocouples followed expected trends, although heat flux sensor values could not be validated, highlighting the need for a more precise validation method. The radiative analysis linked the 𝐶₂/𝐶𝐻 ratio with irradiance and temperature, identifying operational point 2 as optimal, though additional parameters are necessary for more comprehensive combustion control. Laboratory conditions affected the precise determination of flame stability limits due to external disturbances, but greater stability was observed with increased excess air. This work provides a methodological guide for future experiments with natural gas and hydrogen, emphasizing the importance of improving measurement and control techniques to optimize combustion efficiency in subsequent studies.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil Mecánico
Keywords
Combustibles gaseosos, Hidrocarburos, Industrias