Análisis técnico-económico-ambiental de la implementación de sistemas de refrigeración con co2 en supermercados de Chile.
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Date
2025
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El presente proyecto da una solución a la problemática del uso de los refrigerantes convencionales hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), los cuales emiten un 2% de las emisiones de gases efecto invernado a nivel mundial, y que de acuerdo con la enmienda de Kigali deberán tener una reducción paulatina de su uso, donde para el caso de Chile al año 2045 deberá reducir a un 20% el uso de los HFC. Este proyecto se centra en el uso de dióxido de carbono (R744) como refrigerante para supermercados de Chile, proponiendo tres sistemas que utilizan este refrigerante, los cuales son: Booster convencional, con compresor paralelo y con eyector. Además, se propone un cuarto sistema que utiliza R404A como refrigerante, el cual servirá como referencia para realizar una comparativa con las configuraciones que usan el refrigerante natural R744. Estos sistemas de refrigeración se estudiarán en ocho ciudades chilenas diferentes.
Se estudia un supermercado con una superficie de 3000 m2, el cual tendrá una capacidad de refrigeración de 147,1 [kW] y 35,9 [kW] para los evaporadores de media y baja temperatura, respectivamente, esta capacidad frigorífica variará con respecto a un factor de carga. Los sistemas utilizan compresores a pistón y Scroll, para ambos tipos de compresores se analizará un modelo matemático, el cual describirá su funcionamiento, y los resultados se compararán con valores de catálogos. Los condensadores/gas cooler se analizarán por medio del modelo matemático pinch point. Se estudia el comportamiento climático de las ocho ciudades seleccionadas durante un año meteorológico típico.
Las componentes seleccionadas son del fabricante Copeland en el caso de los compresores, Danfoss para el eyector y las válvulas de expansión, y RIVACOLD para el condensador y gas cooler de los sistemas. Se obtuvieron resultados de COPs de 1,25, 1,54, 1,69 y 1,86 para los sistemas Booster con R404A, Booster convencional, con compresor paralelo y con eyector, respectivamente, a una temperatura ambiente de 35°C. Se llegaron a reducciones de consumo energético de los sistemas Booster convencional, con compresor paralelo y con eyector, respecto al sistema con R404A de 3,6%, 12,3% y 22,6% en la ciudad de Calama, respectivamente, y de 21,4%, 25,6% y 37,2% en Punta Arenas para los mismos sistemas. Los sistemas con R744 redujeron entre un 77,5% y 88,1% el valor del TEWI respecto al sistema con R404A. Los sistemas Booster con R744 tuvieron costos operacionales más bajos que el sistema Booster con R404A.
This project provides a solution to the issue of using conventional hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, which account for 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Kigali Amendment, their use must gradually decrease, with Chile required to reduce HFC usage to 20% by 2045. This project focuses on using carbon dioxide (R744) as a refrigerant for supermarkets in Chile, proposing three systems utilizing this refrigerant: conventional booster, parallel compressor booster, and ejector booster. Additionally, a fourth system using R404A as a refrigerant is proposed as a reference to compare with configurations employing the natural refrigerant R744. These refrigeration systems will be studied in eight different Chilean cities. The study considers a supermarket with a surface area of 3000 m², requiring refrigeration capacities of 147,1 kW and 35,9 kW for medium- and low-temperature evaporators, respectively. These refrigeration capacities will vary based on a load factor. The systems use piston and scroll compressors; mathematical models describing their operation will be analyzed, and results will be compared to catalog values. Condensers/gas coolers will be analyzed using the pinch point mathematical model. The climate behavior of the eight selected cities is examined over a typical meteorological year. The selected components include Copeland compressors, Danfoss ejectors and expansion valves, and RIVACOLD condensers and gas coolers. COP values of 1,25, 1,54, 1,69, and 1,86 were obtained for the R404A booster system, conventional booster, parallel compressor booster, and ejector booster systems, respectively, at an ambient temperature of 35°C. Energy consumption reductions of 3,6%, 12,3%, and 22,6% for the conventional booster, parallel compressor booster, and ejector booster systems, respectively, compared to the R404A system, were achieved in the city of Calama, while reductions of 21,4%, 25,6%, and 37,2% were observed in Punta Arenas for the same systems. R744 systems reduced the TEWI value by 77,5% to 88,1% compared to the R404A system. The Booster systems with R744 had lower operational costs than the Booster system with R404A.
This project provides a solution to the issue of using conventional hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, which account for 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Kigali Amendment, their use must gradually decrease, with Chile required to reduce HFC usage to 20% by 2045. This project focuses on using carbon dioxide (R744) as a refrigerant for supermarkets in Chile, proposing three systems utilizing this refrigerant: conventional booster, parallel compressor booster, and ejector booster. Additionally, a fourth system using R404A as a refrigerant is proposed as a reference to compare with configurations employing the natural refrigerant R744. These refrigeration systems will be studied in eight different Chilean cities. The study considers a supermarket with a surface area of 3000 m², requiring refrigeration capacities of 147,1 kW and 35,9 kW for medium- and low-temperature evaporators, respectively. These refrigeration capacities will vary based on a load factor. The systems use piston and scroll compressors; mathematical models describing their operation will be analyzed, and results will be compared to catalog values. Condensers/gas coolers will be analyzed using the pinch point mathematical model. The climate behavior of the eight selected cities is examined over a typical meteorological year. The selected components include Copeland compressors, Danfoss ejectors and expansion valves, and RIVACOLD condensers and gas coolers. COP values of 1,25, 1,54, 1,69, and 1,86 were obtained for the R404A booster system, conventional booster, parallel compressor booster, and ejector booster systems, respectively, at an ambient temperature of 35°C. Energy consumption reductions of 3,6%, 12,3%, and 22,6% for the conventional booster, parallel compressor booster, and ejector booster systems, respectively, compared to the R404A system, were achieved in the city of Calama, while reductions of 21,4%, 25,6%, and 37,2% were observed in Punta Arenas for the same systems. R744 systems reduced the TEWI value by 77,5% to 88,1% compared to the R404A system. The Booster systems with R744 had lower operational costs than the Booster system with R404A.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil Mecánico
Keywords
Refrigeración, Supermercados Chile