Transpiración de cultivo y evaporación de suelo para cultivos de cobertura parcial y suelos parcialmente humedecidos.
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Date
2019
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Un modelo de balance de energía superficial (SEB) fue concebido para estimar la transpiración de cultivo (T) y evaporación de suelo (E) en huertos y viñedos donde la super cie de suelo esta parcialmente húmeda por un sistema de micro-riego. El modelo propuesto de balance de energía super ficial para suelos parcialmente humedecidos (SEBPW) fue construido basándose en modelos de múltiples capas para estimar el flujo de calor latente, sensible y del suelo, para lograr la partición de la evapotranspiración (ET) en E húmedo, E seco y T de cultivo. El modelo estima del balance de energía y las resistencias al flujo la E desde áreas de suelo seco y húmedo bajo la canopia, E desde áreas de suelo seco y húmedo entre hilera y T de cultivo y ET total. Esta tesis describe en el capítulo 2 el desarrollo del modelo, un análisis de sensibilidad, una evaluación preliminar del modelo SEB-PW en dos huertos de viñedos y en el capítulo 3 la validación del modelo SEB-PW para dos huertos de avellanas europeas.
La evaluación del modelo (capítulo 2) mostró que los valores de ET horarios simulados tienen una buena correlación con las mediciones de terreno conducidas con el método de renovación de super cie (surface renewal) y micro-lisímetros (MLs) en dos viñedos micro-irrigados en California del norte para un rango de cobertura de canopia. La evaluación mostró que E estimado horariamente tuvo la raíz del error cuadrático promedio (RMSE) de 58.6 W m-2, error absoluto promedio (MAE) de 35.6 W m-2, una e ciencia de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) de 0.85, y un índice de acuerdo (da) de 0.94. Estimaciones de la E diaria (Es) tuvo un RMSE de 0.30 mm d-1, MAE de 0.24 mm d-1, NSE de 0.87, y da de 0.94. Estimaciones de Es tuvieron un coeficiente de determinación (r2) de 0.95 cuando fueron comparados con las mediciones de los MLs, los cuales mostraron que se puede alcanzar entre un 28% a un 46% de la ET total después de un evento de riego.
A surface energy balance model was conceived to estimate crop transpiration (T) and soil evaporation (E) in orchards and vineyards where the ground is partially wetted by micro-irrigation systems. The proposed surface energy balance model for partial wetting (SEB-PW) builds upon previous multiple-layer modelling approaches to estimate the latent, sensible and soil heat fluxes while partitioning the total evapotranspiration (ET) into dry and wet soil E and T. The model estimates the energy balance and flux resistances for the E from dry and wet soil areas below the canopy, E from dry and wet soil areas between plant rows, and T and total crop ET. This dissertation describes in the chapter 2 the model development, sensitivity analysis, a preliminary model evaluation in vineyard orchard and in chapter 3 the model validation for hazelnut orchard. The evaluation (chapter 2) shows that simulated hourly ET values have good correlation with field measurements conducted with the surface renewal method and microlysimeter measurements in a micro-irrigated winegrape vineyard of Northern California for a range of fractional crop canopy cover conditions. Evaluation showed that hourly λE estimates had root mean square error (RMSE) of 58.6 W m−2, mean absolute error (MAE) of 35.6 W m−2, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) of 0.85, and index of agreement (da) of 0.94. Daily soil evaporation (Es) estimations had RMSE of 0.30 mm d−1, MAE of 0.24 mm d−1, NSE of 0.87, and da of 0.94. Es estimation had a coefficientof determination (r) of 0.95, when compared with the micro-lysimeter measurements, which showed that Es can reach values from 28 to 46% of the total ET after an irrigation event. The validation of SEB-PW model for hazelnut orchard on the diurnal and seasonal dynamic of ET, E and canopy T on drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation systems shows that simulated hourly and daily ET values have a good correlation with field measurements conducted with the residual of SEB method and micro-lysimeter measurements in two micro-irrigated hazelnut orchards Nuble ˜ Region, Chile. Specifically, daily ET estimates had RMSE between 0.35 and 0.41 mm d−1, MAE between 0.25 and 0.32mm d−1, NSE between 0.91 and 0.93, and da between 0.96 and 0.97 for both microirrigation systems. Daily E estimates had RMSE of 0.4 mm d−1, MAE of 0.3 mm d−1, NSE of 0.69, and da of 0.88 for both micro-irrigation systems. E from micro-sprinkler and drip irrigation systems were between 20-30% and 15-20% approximately of the total ET. The proposed SEB-PW model can be used to estimate the affect and significance of E from wet and dry soil areas on the total ET, and to inform water balance studies for optimizing irrigation management. It is advisable to test the model in other partially wetted orchards during growing seasons to obtain additional results and continually improve model performance.
A surface energy balance model was conceived to estimate crop transpiration (T) and soil evaporation (E) in orchards and vineyards where the ground is partially wetted by micro-irrigation systems. The proposed surface energy balance model for partial wetting (SEB-PW) builds upon previous multiple-layer modelling approaches to estimate the latent, sensible and soil heat fluxes while partitioning the total evapotranspiration (ET) into dry and wet soil E and T. The model estimates the energy balance and flux resistances for the E from dry and wet soil areas below the canopy, E from dry and wet soil areas between plant rows, and T and total crop ET. This dissertation describes in the chapter 2 the model development, sensitivity analysis, a preliminary model evaluation in vineyard orchard and in chapter 3 the model validation for hazelnut orchard. The evaluation (chapter 2) shows that simulated hourly ET values have good correlation with field measurements conducted with the surface renewal method and microlysimeter measurements in a micro-irrigated winegrape vineyard of Northern California for a range of fractional crop canopy cover conditions. Evaluation showed that hourly λE estimates had root mean square error (RMSE) of 58.6 W m−2, mean absolute error (MAE) of 35.6 W m−2, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) of 0.85, and index of agreement (da) of 0.94. Daily soil evaporation (Es) estimations had RMSE of 0.30 mm d−1, MAE of 0.24 mm d−1, NSE of 0.87, and da of 0.94. Es estimation had a coefficientof determination (r) of 0.95, when compared with the micro-lysimeter measurements, which showed that Es can reach values from 28 to 46% of the total ET after an irrigation event. The validation of SEB-PW model for hazelnut orchard on the diurnal and seasonal dynamic of ET, E and canopy T on drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation systems shows that simulated hourly and daily ET values have a good correlation with field measurements conducted with the residual of SEB method and micro-lysimeter measurements in two micro-irrigated hazelnut orchards Nuble ˜ Region, Chile. Specifically, daily ET estimates had RMSE between 0.35 and 0.41 mm d−1, MAE between 0.25 and 0.32mm d−1, NSE between 0.91 and 0.93, and da between 0.96 and 0.97 for both microirrigation systems. Daily E estimates had RMSE of 0.4 mm d−1, MAE of 0.3 mm d−1, NSE of 0.69, and da of 0.88 for both micro-irrigation systems. E from micro-sprinkler and drip irrigation systems were between 20-30% and 15-20% approximately of the total ET. The proposed SEB-PW model can be used to estimate the affect and significance of E from wet and dry soil areas on the total ET, and to inform water balance studies for optimizing irrigation management. It is advisable to test the model in other partially wetted orchards during growing seasons to obtain additional results and continually improve model performance.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Doctor en Ingeniería Agrícola, mención en Recursos Hídricos en la Agricultura
Keywords
Transpiración vegetal - Chile, Evapotranspiración - Chile - Chillán, Riego por goteo - Chile, Producción y Consumo Responsable, Agricultura de precisión - Chile