Visibilización de los conflictos socioambientales en las regiones del Biobío y de Ñuble, Chile.
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Date
2021
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Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La visibilización de los conflictos y del rol de las personas defensoras se ha tornado fundamental para lograr avances en materia socioambiental. Sin embargo, el creciente número de conflictos socioambientales relacionados a la extracción de recursos naturales y la producción de energía ha conllevado a un deterioro del medio ambiente y de la calidad de vida de las comunidades, recrudecimiento en la violencia hacia las y los defensores del medioambiente. En este estudio se revisaron los conflictos socioambientales en las Regiones del Biobío y de Ñuble mediante una revisión de 2.358 proyectos ingresados al Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (SEIA). Recopilación que se realizó a partir del 3 de abril de 1997, fecha en que se creó el SEIA. Del total de proyectos analizados, 102 estuvieron vinculados a conflictos socioambientales, principalmente en las zonas costeras, precordillerana y cordillerana de ambas regiones. En la zona costera, estos conflictos se asociaron a los sectores productivos de “Pesca y acuicultura (27%), y “Energía y clima” (22%), mientras que en la zona precordillerana y cordillerana se vincularon principalmente a la “Gestión del Agua” (16%). Estos conflictos presentaron una tendencia al aumento desde 1997, a pesar de la creación del SEIA como instrumento de gestión ambiental de carácter preventivo que evalúa los proyectos con cargas ambientales. A su vez, mostraron altos niveles de violencia y criminalización en su desenlace, donde un 20,6% tuvieron como respuesta violencia y represión de la protesta, y un 7,8% criminalización de esta. Hechos que evidencian una necesidad de reformular los instrumentos de regulación ambiental a fin de implementar mayores exigencias a aquellos proyectos y megaproyectos que posean cargas ambientales y así avanzar hacia una matriz productiva compatible con el medio ambiente. De igual manera, la urgente necesidad de velar por la protección de las personas que, desde la primera línea contra el avance extractivista, se enfrentan a grandes amenazas. Lugar en que la ratificación del Acuerdo de Escazú al igual que otros tratados internacionales de derechos humanos son elementos fundamentales para lograr avanzar hacia dichos objetivos.
The visibility of conflicts and the role of defenders has become essential to achieve progress in socio-environmental matters. However, the growing number of socio environmental conflicts related to the extraction of natural resources and the production of energy has led to a deterioration of the environment and the quality of life of the communities, a worsening of the violence against environmental defenders. In this study, the socio-environmental conflicts in the Biobío and Ñuble regions were reviewed through a review of 2,358 projects entered into the Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA). Compilation that was made as of April 3, 1997, the date on which the SEIA was created. From the total of analyzed projects, 102 were linked to socio-environmental conflicts, mainly in the coastal, foothill and mountain areas of both regions. In the coastal zone, these conflicts were associated with the productive sectors of “Fishing and aquaculture (27%), and “Energy and climate” (22%), while in the foothills and mountain ranges they were mainly linked to the “Management of the Water” (16%). These conflicts presented an increasing trend since 1997, despite the creation of the SEIA as a preventive environmental management instrument that evaluates projects with environmental burdens. In turn, they showed high levels of violence and criminalization in their outcome, where 20.6% had violence and repression of the protest as a response, and 7.8% criminalized it. Facts that manifest a need to reformulate the environmental regulation instruments in order to implement greater demands to those projects and megaprojects that have environmental burdens and thus move towards a productive matrix compatible with the environment". Similarly, the urgent need to ensure the protection of people who, from the front line against the extractivist advance, face great threats. Place in which the ratification of the Escazú Agreement as well as other international human rights treaties are fundamental elements to achieve progress towards these objectives.
The visibility of conflicts and the role of defenders has become essential to achieve progress in socio-environmental matters. However, the growing number of socio environmental conflicts related to the extraction of natural resources and the production of energy has led to a deterioration of the environment and the quality of life of the communities, a worsening of the violence against environmental defenders. In this study, the socio-environmental conflicts in the Biobío and Ñuble regions were reviewed through a review of 2,358 projects entered into the Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA). Compilation that was made as of April 3, 1997, the date on which the SEIA was created. From the total of analyzed projects, 102 were linked to socio-environmental conflicts, mainly in the coastal, foothill and mountain areas of both regions. In the coastal zone, these conflicts were associated with the productive sectors of “Fishing and aquaculture (27%), and “Energy and climate” (22%), while in the foothills and mountain ranges they were mainly linked to the “Management of the Water” (16%). These conflicts presented an increasing trend since 1997, despite the creation of the SEIA as a preventive environmental management instrument that evaluates projects with environmental burdens. In turn, they showed high levels of violence and criminalization in their outcome, where 20.6% had violence and repression of the protest as a response, and 7.8% criminalized it. Facts that manifest a need to reformulate the environmental regulation instruments in order to implement greater demands to those projects and megaprojects that have environmental burdens and thus move towards a productive matrix compatible with the environment". Similarly, the urgent need to ensure the protection of people who, from the front line against the extractivist advance, face great threats. Place in which the ratification of the Escazú Agreement as well as other international human rights treaties are fundamental elements to achieve progress towards these objectives.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a en Conservación de Recursos Naturales.
Keywords
Movimientos sociales, Política ambiental, Gestión ambiental