Evaluación de vacunas antimicrobiota oral e inmersión contra Caligus rogercresseyi en salmón del Atlántico.
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La salmonicultura es una de las principales industrias acuícolas en Chile, que se enfrenta a desafíos significativos debido a enfermedades parasitarias como la caligidosis, causada por Caligus rogercresseyi. Este parásito genera grandes pérdidas económicas y compromete el bienestar de los peces, donde se han propuesto varios tratamientos inyectables para intentar disminuir la acción de este parásito. Aunque estos métodos continúan utilizándose, se han desarrollado alternativas menos invasivas, como vacunas orales y por inmersión. En este contexto, el presente seminario ha evaluado el uso de una vacuna antimicrobiota administrada por vía oral e inmersión en Salmo salar como una estrategia innovadora para el control de C. rogercresseyi. Para el presente estudio, se diseñaron tratamientos orales con distintas concentraciones bacterianas (1% y 2%), utilizando el adyuvante comercial Montanide GR01 para vacunación oral, además de un tratamiento por inmersión utilizando adyuvante Montanide 1312 VG. Los resultados muestran que el grupo GR1% fue asociado con una eficacia superior en la reducción de la carga parasitaria en Caligus hembras y machos, alcanzando una reducción del 59,3% en hembras y del 34,2% en machos. Por otro lado, la concentración del 2 % (GR2%) mostró una eficacia menor, lo que podría estar relacionado con efectos adversos en el equilibrio microbiano del hospedador. Además, se analizaron respuestas inmunológicas y de estrés oxidativo en salmones del Atlántico y en C. rogercresseyi expuestos a los diferentes tratamientos, observándose aumentos significativos en la expresión de genes clave asociados a la inmunidad innata y adaptativa, así como al metabolismo del hierro en el riñón anterior y la piel. El tratamiento por inmersión indujo una alta expresión de genes asociados al estrés oxidativo (SOD, Catalasa) y Ferritina en la piel de salmón del Atlántico. Por otra parte, los tratamientos orales GR1 y GR2 demostraron una actividad significativamente mayor en genes asociados al sistema inmune, estrés oxidativo y modulación de hierro. Además, el grupo GR1 fue el único grupo que logró una inmunosupresión notable en genes de C. rogercresseyi asociados a la respuesta inmune y capacidad de respuesta oxidativa. Estos resultados sugieren que las vacunas orales y por inmersión contra el microbiota tienen el potencial de ser una herramienta eficaz para mitigar el C. rogercresseyi en la salmonicultura. No obstante, es necesario realizar estudios adicionales en condiciones de cultivo más representativas para validar su eficacia y seguridad.
Salmon farming is one of the main aquaculture industries in Chile. It faces significant challenges due to parasitic diseases such as caligidosis, caused by Caligus rogercresseyi. This parasite generates considerable economic losses and compromises fish welfare. Several injectable treatments have been proposed to mitigate the effects of this parasite. Although these methods are still in use, less invasive alternatives have been developed, such as oral and immersion vaccines. In this context, the present seminar evaluated the efficacy of an oral anti-microbiota vaccine and by immersion in Salmo salar as an innovative strategy for controlling C. rogercresseyi. For this study, oral treatments were designed using different bacterial concentrations (1% and 2%), employing the commercial adjuvant Montanide GR01 for oral vaccination, along with an immersion treatment using the Montanide 1312 VG adjuvant. The results show that the GR1% group was associated with superior efficacy in reducing the parasite load in both female and male Caligus, achieving a 59.3% reduction in females and a 34.2% reduction in males. Conversely, the 2% concentration (GR2%) showed lower efficacy, possibly related to adverse effects on the host's microbial balance. Additionally, immune and oxidative stress responses were analyzed in Atlantic salmon and C. rogercresseyi exposed to the different treatments, revealing significant increases in the expression of key genes associated with innate and adaptive immunity, as well as iron metabolism in the anterior kidney and skin. The immersion treatment induced a high expression of genes related to oxidative stress (SOD, Catalase) and Ferritin in the skin of Atlantic salmon. On the other hand, the GR1 and GR2 oral treatments demonstrated significantly higher activity in genes associated with the immune system, oxidative stress, and iron modulation. Moreover, the GR1 group was the only one to achieve notable immunosuppression in C. rogercresseyi genes linked to immune response and oxidative response capacity. These results suggest that oral and immersion vaccines targeting the microbiota have the potential to be effective tools for mitigating C. rogercresseyi in salmon farming. However, additional studies under more representative farming conditions are necessary to validate their efficacy and safety.
Salmon farming is one of the main aquaculture industries in Chile. It faces significant challenges due to parasitic diseases such as caligidosis, caused by Caligus rogercresseyi. This parasite generates considerable economic losses and compromises fish welfare. Several injectable treatments have been proposed to mitigate the effects of this parasite. Although these methods are still in use, less invasive alternatives have been developed, such as oral and immersion vaccines. In this context, the present seminar evaluated the efficacy of an oral anti-microbiota vaccine and by immersion in Salmo salar as an innovative strategy for controlling C. rogercresseyi. For this study, oral treatments were designed using different bacterial concentrations (1% and 2%), employing the commercial adjuvant Montanide GR01 for oral vaccination, along with an immersion treatment using the Montanide 1312 VG adjuvant. The results show that the GR1% group was associated with superior efficacy in reducing the parasite load in both female and male Caligus, achieving a 59.3% reduction in females and a 34.2% reduction in males. Conversely, the 2% concentration (GR2%) showed lower efficacy, possibly related to adverse effects on the host's microbial balance. Additionally, immune and oxidative stress responses were analyzed in Atlantic salmon and C. rogercresseyi exposed to the different treatments, revealing significant increases in the expression of key genes associated with innate and adaptive immunity, as well as iron metabolism in the anterior kidney and skin. The immersion treatment induced a high expression of genes related to oxidative stress (SOD, Catalase) and Ferritin in the skin of Atlantic salmon. On the other hand, the GR1 and GR2 oral treatments demonstrated significantly higher activity in genes associated with the immune system, oxidative stress, and iron modulation. Moreover, the GR1 group was the only one to achieve notable immunosuppression in C. rogercresseyi genes linked to immune response and oxidative response capacity. These results suggest that oral and immersion vaccines targeting the microbiota have the potential to be effective tools for mitigating C. rogercresseyi in salmon farming. However, additional studies under more representative farming conditions are necessary to validate their efficacy and safety.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero en Biotecnología Marina y Acuicultura
Keywords
Ictiologia, Parásitos, Salmón del atlántico