Diseño de un instrumento de evaluación basado en los principios DFD para una construcción circular. aplicación en una vivienda panelizada en madera.
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El uso de materias primas y energía en la industria de la construcción es un problema global debido a su impacto ambiental y al aumento de residuos, especialmente los generados por la construcción y demolición (RCD). Las transformaciones industriales han permitido reducir costos, pero a costa de mayores residuos y efectos negativos en el medio ambiente y la salud humana. Es fundamental que la industria adopte un enfoque más circular, repensando el diseño para facilitar el desmontaje, la reutilización y el reciclaje de materiales, contribuyendo así a la descarbonización de la cadena de valor.
En este contexto, Chile ha asumido importantes desafíos, específicamente en desarrollar un modelo económico más sostenible y eficiente, para transitar hacia una construcción circular.
Dentro del espectro de alternativas disponibles, está el Diseño para el Desmontaje (DfD, por siglas en inglés), estrategia de diseño que permite desmontar sistemas, componentes, materiales y edificaciones permitiendo su recuperación y reutilización, disminuyendo residuos en lugar de tratarlos. Se entiende que cada edificio representa un depósito de recursos que, si se diseña y programa para eso, pueden volver al ciclo constructivo.
Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron aportar con una herramienta metodológica base para acercar esta estrategia de diseño a la industria de la construcción local, además ayudar a comprender, de forma aplicada, los principios de DfD como alternativa para hacer más sostenible la edificación.
Se diseñó un instrumento simple, basado en los principios de diseño de la norma ISO 20.887 para evaluar, con indicadores, la desmontabilidad de una edificación enfocado en su estructura y envolvente principalmente. Se seleccionó un proyecto prototipo de vivienda social diseñado con criterios para la desmontabilidad, panelizado en madera, ya construido, para aplicar esta herramienta de evaluación.
Como primer resultado se obtuvo un instrumento compuesto por 7 “matrices de evaluación multicriterio”, asociadas a los 7 principios DfD de la norma ISO 20.887. Las matrices permitieron evaluar estructura y envolvente de la edificación, tomando como subgrupos para el análisis: Elementos, Componentes y Materiales.
Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, es posible aplicar una herramienta de evaluación simple y obtener resultados que validan decisiones de diseño en la línea del DfD, tal como visualizar en que categorías el diseño tiene un rendimiento más débil, facilitando al diseñador tomar acciones para mejorar el DfD y aportar desde esta estrategia hacia una construcción más circular.
In the construction industry, the use of commodities and energy is a global problem, mainly due to the potential environmental impact and waste increase, especially those generated by the construction and demolition process (CDW). Industrial transformations have resulted in a cost reduction. Nonetheless, this reduction has been associated to an increased in waste generation and negative effects on the environment and human health. It is essential for the industry to adopt an increasing circular approach, rethinking the design process to facilitate disassembly, reuse and recycling of materials, thus contributing to decarbonization of the value chain. Chile has undertaken important challenges, specifically in developing a more sustainable and efficient economic model, moving towards circular construction. Of the available options, Design for Disassembly (DfD) is a design strategy that allows systems, components, materials and buildings to be disassembled, allowing for their recovery and reuse, reducing the generation and treatment of residues. It is understood that each building represents a deposit of resources that, if designed and programmed for that, can be returned to the construction cycle. The aims of this study were to provide a basic methodological tool to introduce this design strategy to the national construction industry, as well as to help to understand the principles of DfD as an alternative for a more sustainable construction process. An instrument based on the design principles of the ISO 20.887 standard was created to evaluate, using specific indicators, the dismantlability of a building, focusing on its structure and envelope. A previously built social housing prototype project was selected to apply this evaluation tool. Accordingly, the selected prototype house was designed using dismantlement criteria and paneled wood. The main result of this study was the creation of an instrument composed of 7 multi-criteria evaluation matrices according to the 7 DfD principles of the ISO 20.887 standard. These matrices allowed us to evaluate the structure and envelopes of the prototype house using as subgroups for the analysis: Elements, Components, and Materials. Furthermore, the results showed the feasibility for the application of this simple evaluation tool. The use of this methodological tool and its results may validate design decisions according to the DfD principles, including visualizing categories in which the design has a weaker performance. It may also help to facilitate designers to improve DfD application contributing towards an increasingly circular construction.
In the construction industry, the use of commodities and energy is a global problem, mainly due to the potential environmental impact and waste increase, especially those generated by the construction and demolition process (CDW). Industrial transformations have resulted in a cost reduction. Nonetheless, this reduction has been associated to an increased in waste generation and negative effects on the environment and human health. It is essential for the industry to adopt an increasing circular approach, rethinking the design process to facilitate disassembly, reuse and recycling of materials, thus contributing to decarbonization of the value chain. Chile has undertaken important challenges, specifically in developing a more sustainable and efficient economic model, moving towards circular construction. Of the available options, Design for Disassembly (DfD) is a design strategy that allows systems, components, materials and buildings to be disassembled, allowing for their recovery and reuse, reducing the generation and treatment of residues. It is understood that each building represents a deposit of resources that, if designed and programmed for that, can be returned to the construction cycle. The aims of this study were to provide a basic methodological tool to introduce this design strategy to the national construction industry, as well as to help to understand the principles of DfD as an alternative for a more sustainable construction process. An instrument based on the design principles of the ISO 20.887 standard was created to evaluate, using specific indicators, the dismantlability of a building, focusing on its structure and envelope. A previously built social housing prototype project was selected to apply this evaluation tool. Accordingly, the selected prototype house was designed using dismantlement criteria and paneled wood. The main result of this study was the creation of an instrument composed of 7 multi-criteria evaluation matrices according to the 7 DfD principles of the ISO 20.887 standard. These matrices allowed us to evaluate the structure and envelopes of the prototype house using as subgroups for the analysis: Elements, Components, and Materials. Furthermore, the results showed the feasibility for the application of this simple evaluation tool. The use of this methodological tool and its results may validate design decisions according to the DfD principles, including visualizing categories in which the design has a weaker performance. It may also help to facilitate designers to improve DfD application contributing towards an increasingly circular construction.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Construcción Industrializada en Madera
Keywords
Economia circular, Construcción sustentable, Diseño de estructuras, Madera