Bacterias potencialmente patógenas de los géneros Bartonella, Coxiella y Rickettsia en artrópodos vectores asociados a poblaciones de Rattus rattus en Chile
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Date
2024
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La biología y distribución de tres especies de roedores sinantrópicos, Rattus norvegicus (rata gris), Rattus rattus (rata de techo) y Mus musculus (ratón casero), junto con los patógenos zoonóticos transmitidos por sus ectoparásitos, es esencial para comprender y prevenir la propagación de enfermedades como la capilariosis hepática, babesiosis, leishmaniasis, fiebre de Lassa y fiebre hemorrágica con síndrome renal en áreas urbanas. Además de enfermedades como la tuberculosis y la salmonella, los roedores pueden transmitir bacterias como Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia pestis, entre otras. Las pulgas son los ectoparásitos más comunes en roedores sinantrópicos, transmitiendo alrededor del 12% de las enfermedades. El crecimiento urbano favorece a los roedores sinantrópicos sobre las especies silvestres, aumentando así la prevalencia y diversidad de patógenos transmitidos por estos animales. En este estudio se explora la distribución de bacterias zoonóticas transmitidas por ectoparásitos asociados a roedores sinantrópicos, como Bartonella, Coxiella y Rickettsia. Estos patógenos están relacionados con enfermedades de alta prevalencia en varios países; sin embargo, aún existen lagunas en el conocimiento sobre sus vectores, reservorios y hospedadores. La revisión bibliográfica aborda la conducta alimentaria, hábitos y comportamiento social de los roedores sinantrópicos, como Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus y Mus musculus. Como la presencia y transmisión de tres bacterias zoonóticas a nivel global: Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii y Rickettsiae. Bartonella, transmitida por vectores y con roedores como importantes reservorios, puede causar enfermedades como la enfermedad de Carrión y la fiebre de trinchera. Coxiella burnetii, responsable de la fiebre Q, se transmite principalmente por aerosoles y contacto con animales infectados. Las Rickettsiae, transmitidas por artrópodos vectores como pulgas y garrapatas, causan enfermedades graves como la fiebre manchada y el tifus murino. Los roedores son reservorios comunes de estos artrópodos, contribuyendo a la propagación de estas enfermedades. En Chile, los roedores actúan como portadores de una amplia gama de enfermedades zoonóticas transmitidas por virus, bacterias, hongos, helmintos y protozoos, con un énfasis particular en los patógenos transmitidos por artrópodos hematófagos. Las pulgas, como X. cheopis y L. segnis, presentes en ratas como R. rattus, son vectores de enfermedades como la Peste, Bartonella y Rickettsia. Además, los ácaros, ácaros trombicúlidos y piojos también pueden transmitir enfermedades como el tifus de los matorrales.
Se cree que Herpetacarus sp. podría ser un vector del tifus de los matorrales en Chile. Las garrapatas, que se encuentran en roedores como R. norvegicus y R. rattus, pueden transmitir enfermedades tanto a perros como a humanos, lo que representa un riesgo epidemiológico significativo. En resumen, los roedores en Chile son reservorios de diversas enfermedades transmitidas por ectoparásitos, lo que supone un riesgo para la salud pública. La conclusión resalta la importancia de profundizar en nuestro conocimiento sobre las bacterias transmitidas por ectoparásitos en roedores sinantrópicos, cuya amplia distribución global los convierte en actores relevantes para la salud pública. La falta de estudios sobre la presencia y el papel de estos patógenos en los ectoparásitos se atribuye a las dificultades logísticas de capturar roedores sinantrópicos. Además, la transferencia de patógenos entre la fauna silvestre y sinantrópica puede influir en la dinámica de transmisión de enfermedades. Se subraya la necesidad de más investigación para comprender la ecología de estos patógenos y sus implicaciones para la salud humana, especialmente en el contexto de la creciente urbanización en Chile y América Latina.
Se sugiere que las nuevas técnicas moleculares, como la secuenciación, podrían ayudar a abordar los desafíos en la identificación microbiológica y mejorar la efectividad de las estrategias de control de enfermedades.
The biology and distribution of three synanthropic rodent species, Rattus norvegicus (gray rat), Rattus rattus (roof rat) and Mus musculus (house mouse), along with the zoonotic pathogens transmitted by their ectoparasites, is essential to understand and prevent the spread of diseases such as hepatic capillariasis, babesiosis, leishmaniasis, Lassa fever and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in urban areas. In addition to diseases such as tuberculosis and salmonella, rodents can transmit bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia pestis, among others. Fleas are the most common ectoparasites in synanthropic rodents, transmitting about 12% of diseases. Urban growth favors synanthropic rodents over wild species, thus increasing the prevalence and diversity of pathogens transmitted by these animals. This study explores the distribution of zoonotic bacteria transmitted by ectoparasites associated with synanthropic rodents, such as Bartonella, Coxiella and Rickettsia. These pathogens are associated with highly prevalent diseases in several countries; however, there are still gaps in knowledge about their vectors, reservoirs and hosts. The literature review addresses the feeding behavior, habits and social behavior of synanthropic rodents, such as Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus. Such as the presence and transmission of three zoonotic bacteria globally: Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsiae. Bartonella, transmitted by vectors and with rodents as important reservoirs, can cause diseases such as Carrion's disease and trench fever. Coxiella burnetii, responsible for Q fever, is transmitted mainly by aerosols and contact with infected animals. Rickettsiae, transmitted by arthropod vectors such as fleas and ticks, cause serious diseases such as spotted fever and murine typhus. Rodents are common reservoirs of these arthropods, contributing to the spread of these diseases. In Chile, rodents act as carriers of a wide range of zoonotic diseases transmitted by viruses, bacteria, fungi, helminths and protozoa, with particular emphasis on pathogens transmitted by hematophagous arthropods. Fleas, such as X. cheopis and L. segnis, present on rats such as R. rattus, are vectors of diseases such as plague, Bartonella and Rickettsia. In addition, mites, trombiculid mites and lice can also transmit diseases such as scrub typhus. It is believed that Herpetacarus sp. could be a vector of scrub typhus in Chile. Ticks, found on rodents such as R. norvegicus and R. rattus, can transmit diseases to both dogs and humans, representing a significant epidemiological risk. In summary, rodents in Chile are reservoirs of various diseases transmitted by ectoparasites, which poses a risk to public health. The conclusion highlights the importance of deepening our knowledge on bacteria transmitted by ectoparasites in synanthropic rodents, whose wide global distribution makes them relevant actors for public health. The lack of studies on the presence and role of these pathogens in ectoparasites is attributed to the logistical difficulties of capturing synanthropic rodents. In addition, the transfer of pathogens between wildlife and synanthropic fauna may influence the dynamics of disease transmission. The need for further research to understand the ecology of these pathogens and their implications for human health is highlighted, especially in the context of increasing urbanization in Chile and Latin America. It is suggested that new molecular techniques, such as sequencing, could help address challenges in microbiological identification and improve the effectiveness of disease control strategies.
The biology and distribution of three synanthropic rodent species, Rattus norvegicus (gray rat), Rattus rattus (roof rat) and Mus musculus (house mouse), along with the zoonotic pathogens transmitted by their ectoparasites, is essential to understand and prevent the spread of diseases such as hepatic capillariasis, babesiosis, leishmaniasis, Lassa fever and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in urban areas. In addition to diseases such as tuberculosis and salmonella, rodents can transmit bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia pestis, among others. Fleas are the most common ectoparasites in synanthropic rodents, transmitting about 12% of diseases. Urban growth favors synanthropic rodents over wild species, thus increasing the prevalence and diversity of pathogens transmitted by these animals. This study explores the distribution of zoonotic bacteria transmitted by ectoparasites associated with synanthropic rodents, such as Bartonella, Coxiella and Rickettsia. These pathogens are associated with highly prevalent diseases in several countries; however, there are still gaps in knowledge about their vectors, reservoirs and hosts. The literature review addresses the feeding behavior, habits and social behavior of synanthropic rodents, such as Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus. Such as the presence and transmission of three zoonotic bacteria globally: Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsiae. Bartonella, transmitted by vectors and with rodents as important reservoirs, can cause diseases such as Carrion's disease and trench fever. Coxiella burnetii, responsible for Q fever, is transmitted mainly by aerosols and contact with infected animals. Rickettsiae, transmitted by arthropod vectors such as fleas and ticks, cause serious diseases such as spotted fever and murine typhus. Rodents are common reservoirs of these arthropods, contributing to the spread of these diseases. In Chile, rodents act as carriers of a wide range of zoonotic diseases transmitted by viruses, bacteria, fungi, helminths and protozoa, with particular emphasis on pathogens transmitted by hematophagous arthropods. Fleas, such as X. cheopis and L. segnis, present on rats such as R. rattus, are vectors of diseases such as plague, Bartonella and Rickettsia. In addition, mites, trombiculid mites and lice can also transmit diseases such as scrub typhus. It is believed that Herpetacarus sp. could be a vector of scrub typhus in Chile. Ticks, found on rodents such as R. norvegicus and R. rattus, can transmit diseases to both dogs and humans, representing a significant epidemiological risk. In summary, rodents in Chile are reservoirs of various diseases transmitted by ectoparasites, which poses a risk to public health. The conclusion highlights the importance of deepening our knowledge on bacteria transmitted by ectoparasites in synanthropic rodents, whose wide global distribution makes them relevant actors for public health. The lack of studies on the presence and role of these pathogens in ectoparasites is attributed to the logistical difficulties of capturing synanthropic rodents. In addition, the transfer of pathogens between wildlife and synanthropic fauna may influence the dynamics of disease transmission. The need for further research to understand the ecology of these pathogens and their implications for human health is highlighted, especially in the context of increasing urbanization in Chile and Latin America. It is suggested that new molecular techniques, such as sequencing, could help address challenges in microbiological identification and improve the effectiveness of disease control strategies.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Doctora en Ciencias Veterinarias
Keywords
Roedores - Chile, Ectoparasitos, Zoonosis - Chile