Impacto de la contaminación del suelo en la salud de la vegetación: un estudio NDVI en el Complejo Industrial Ventanas de Quintero-Puchuncaví.
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La Bahía de Quintero-Puchuncaví, en Chile, ha sido históricamente afectada por la contaminación industrial derivada del complejo industrial ventanas (CIV), generando acumulación de metales pesados como el cobre (Cu), plomo (Pb) y arsénico (As) en el suelo y alteraciones en la vegetación nativa. Se evaluaron los impactos de dicha contaminación sobre la cobertura vegetal mediante el cálculo del factor de enriquecimiento (FE) de 24 elementos traza en suelos y el análisis de series temporales de los índices espectrales NDVI y SAVI entre 2017 y 2022, obtenidos a partir de imágenes satelitales procesadas en ArcGis. Se aplicó la correlación de Spearman y modelos GAM para identificar asociaciones lineales y no lineales entre FE de Cu, Pb y As y los índices de vegetación, observándose correlaciones significativas, particularmente de Cu y NDVI (p = 0,527; ρ < 0,05), y una relación no lineal entre Pb y SAVI (R² = 0,956, ρ = 0,009). Los resultados evidenciaron altos valores de FE en los sitios más cercanos al CIV (LG y LM) acompañados por reducciones de hasta un 46% en NDVI y 21% en SAVI, evidenciando pérdida del vigor fotosintético y deterioro de la cobertura vegetal. Se concluye que la integración de indicadores geoquímicos y análisis espectrales basados en series temporales permite caracterizar de forma efectiva los efectos de la contaminación sobre la vegetación, aportando una metodología no invasiva apoyar estrategias de restauración ambiental en la bahía.
The Quintero-Puchuncaví Bay in Chile has been historically affected by industrial pollution originating from the Ventanas Industrial Complex (CIV), leading to the accumulation of heavy metals such as copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in the soil, as well as alterations in native vegetation. The impacts of this contamination on vegetation cover were evaluated through the calculation of the Enrichment Factor (EF) for 24 trace elements in soils and the analysis of the spectral indices NDVI and SAVI, obtained from temporal series of satellite images between 2017 and 2022, processed using ArcGIS software. Spearman's correlation was applied to determine the relationships between the EF of Cu, Pb, and As and the vegetation indices, revealing significant correlations, particularly between Cu and NDVI (p = 0.527; ρ < 0.05), and a nonlinear relationship between Pb and SAVI (R² = 0.956; ρ = 0.009). The results showed high EF values in the sites closest to the CIV (LG and LM), accompanied by reductions of up to 46% in NDVI and 21% in SAVI, indicating loss of photosynthetic vigor and deterioration of vegetation cover. The discussion interprets that metal contamination affects plant physiology and the ecosystem's regenerative capacity. It is concluded that the integration of chemical indicators and spatial analysis tools represents an effective and non-invasive methodology to characterize the effects of soil contamination on vegetation and to support environmental restoration strategies in Quintero-Puchuncaví Bay.
The Quintero-Puchuncaví Bay in Chile has been historically affected by industrial pollution originating from the Ventanas Industrial Complex (CIV), leading to the accumulation of heavy metals such as copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in the soil, as well as alterations in native vegetation. The impacts of this contamination on vegetation cover were evaluated through the calculation of the Enrichment Factor (EF) for 24 trace elements in soils and the analysis of the spectral indices NDVI and SAVI, obtained from temporal series of satellite images between 2017 and 2022, processed using ArcGIS software. Spearman's correlation was applied to determine the relationships between the EF of Cu, Pb, and As and the vegetation indices, revealing significant correlations, particularly between Cu and NDVI (p = 0.527; ρ < 0.05), and a nonlinear relationship between Pb and SAVI (R² = 0.956; ρ = 0.009). The results showed high EF values in the sites closest to the CIV (LG and LM), accompanied by reductions of up to 46% in NDVI and 21% in SAVI, indicating loss of photosynthetic vigor and deterioration of vegetation cover. The discussion interprets that metal contamination affects plant physiology and the ecosystem's regenerative capacity. It is concluded that the integration of chemical indicators and spatial analysis tools represents an effective and non-invasive methodology to characterize the effects of soil contamination on vegetation and to support environmental restoration strategies in Quintero-Puchuncaví Bay.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a en Conservación de Recursos Naturales.
Keywords
Contaminación de suelos, Contaminación industrial, Metales pesados, Vegetación