Efectos morfofisiológicos de aleloquímicos liberados por Teline monspessulana y Ulex europaeus sobre la planta nativa Quillaja saponaria.
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Date
2023
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Universidad de Concepción.
Abstract
El éxito de las plantas invasoras se debe a la acción de múltiples factores que actúan
simultáneamente. Una hipótesis que explica el éxito de las invasoras es la “hipótesis de
las armas novedosas” basado en que estas sintetizan productos químicos altamente
bioactivos llamados aleloquímicos. Dichos aleloquímicos al ser liberados por las plantas
invasoras causan efectos negativos o beneficiosos en las plantas nativas, al interactuar
directamente con ellas y también puede alterar la biota del sustrato. En consecuencia, las
plantas nativas pueden ser afectadas de manera notable. Particularmente las fabáceas
invasoras constituyen una amenaza para los árboles nativos. Además de los daños que
estas provocan con los aleloquímicos, también son mejores competidoras que las especies
nativas. El presente trabajo se enfocó en los efectos alelopáticos que producen las fabáceas invasoras Teline monspessulana y Ulex europaeus sobre la nativa Quillaja saponaria. Para esto se establecieron experimentos en suelo nativo y suelo invadido, se regó con agua y extractos acuosos de las fabáceas invasoras. Al final del experimento se evaluó la longitud de la planta, longitud de las raíces, y el contenido de masa seca. Además, se determinó el contenido de azúcares mediante una reacción de fenol- ácido sulfúrico, y el contenido de clorofila a y b mediante una extracción con acetona. Los resultados indicaron que la exposición a los aleloquímicos presentes en los extractos y en el suelo invadido alteraron de forma negativa las variables morfológicas y fisiológicas antes mencionadas. Se reveló que el estrés aleloquímico incrementó el contenido de azúcares y almidón en Q. saponaria. Este es el primer estudio que ofrece bases científicas, desde una perspectiva semioquímica, que esclarece el nivel de daño y riesgo a que se somete Q. saponaria cuando es alcanzada por el frente de colonización de T. monspessulana y de U. europaeus.
The success of invasive plants is due to the action of multiple factors acting simultaneously. One hypothesis that explains the success of the invaders is the "novel weapons hypothesis" based on the fact that they synthesize highly bioactive chemicals called allelochemicals. These allelochemicals, when released by invasive plants, cause negative or beneficial effects on native plants, by directly interacting with them and can also alter the biota of the substrate. Consequently, native plants can be significantly affected. Particularly the invasive fabaceas constitute a threat for the native trees. In addition to the damage, they cause with allelochemicals, they are also better competitors than native species. The present work focused on the allelopathic effects produced by the invasive Fabaceae Teline monspessulana and Ulex europaeus on the native Quillaja saponaria. For this, experiments were established in native soil and invaded soil, irrigated with water and aqueous extracts of the invasive Fabaceae. At the end of the experiment, plant length, root length, and dry mass content were evaluated. In addition, the sugar content was determined by a phenol-chloroform reaction, and the chlorophyll a and b content by an acetone extraction. The results indicated that the exposure to the allelochemicals present in the extracts and in the invaded soil negatively altered the afore mentioned morphological and physiological variables. It was revealed that allelochemical stress increased the sugar and starch content in Q. saponaria. This is the first study that offers scientific bases, from a semiochemical perspective, that clarifies the level of damage and risk to which Q. saponaria is subjected when it is reached by the colonization front of T. monspessulana and U. europaeus.
The success of invasive plants is due to the action of multiple factors acting simultaneously. One hypothesis that explains the success of the invaders is the "novel weapons hypothesis" based on the fact that they synthesize highly bioactive chemicals called allelochemicals. These allelochemicals, when released by invasive plants, cause negative or beneficial effects on native plants, by directly interacting with them and can also alter the biota of the substrate. Consequently, native plants can be significantly affected. Particularly the invasive fabaceas constitute a threat for the native trees. In addition to the damage, they cause with allelochemicals, they are also better competitors than native species. The present work focused on the allelopathic effects produced by the invasive Fabaceae Teline monspessulana and Ulex europaeus on the native Quillaja saponaria. For this, experiments were established in native soil and invaded soil, irrigated with water and aqueous extracts of the invasive Fabaceae. At the end of the experiment, plant length, root length, and dry mass content were evaluated. In addition, the sugar content was determined by a phenol-chloroform reaction, and the chlorophyll a and b content by an acetone extraction. The results indicated that the exposure to the allelochemicals present in the extracts and in the invaded soil negatively altered the afore mentioned morphological and physiological variables. It was revealed that allelochemical stress increased the sugar and starch content in Q. saponaria. This is the first study that offers scientific bases, from a semiochemical perspective, that clarifies the level of damage and risk to which Q. saponaria is subjected when it is reached by the colonization front of T. monspessulana and U. europaeus.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero en Biotecnología Vegetal.