Nuevas técnicas de fabricación de plantillas ortopédicas, para pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 de la unidad de fisiatría del HGGB.
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Date
2025
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El objetivo de esta investigación es implementar y evaluar un nuevo protocolo de fabricación de plantillas ortopédicas mediante impresión 3D, destinado al Servicio de Fisiatría del Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente. Con el propósito de automatizar la confección y estandarizar el proceso productivo a bajo costo, se diseñó un protocolo de pruebas de usabilidad, el cual fue aprobado previamente por el Comité de Ética del Servicio de Salud de Concepción.
En la primera fase, se realizó un análisis mecánico de tres materiales termoplásticos mediante ensayos de tracción y compresión conforme a las normas ASTM D2990, seleccionando el TPE por su alta flexibilidad y comportamiento elástico. Posteriormente, se efectuó una evaluación clínica inicial para la obtención de huellas plantares, continuando con la fabricación de las plantillas mediante impresión 3D con un 30% de relleno interno de TPE, a partir de un diseño automatizado desarrollado en Rhino 8. El algoritmo de diseño fue mejorado mediante expresiones matemáticas basadas en plantillas tradicionales utilizadas en el taller de fisiatría. En la fase final, se realizaron pruebas de usabilidad durante un período aproximado de un mes con pacientes diagnosticados con diabetes tipo 2. La fabricación de una plantilla es alrededor de 3 a 6 horas, teniendo un costo estimado de $2.984 hasta $4.167 pesos chilenos.
Los resultados de la encuesta OPUS indicaron el puntaje máximo en términos de comodidad, adaptación al calzado y ausencia de molestias. Mediante escaneo 3D se compararon las dimensiones de las plantillas antes y después del uso, observándose una leve reducción del ancho máximo y un aumento del espesor en zonas de mayor presión plantar.
En conclusión, se comprobó la efectividad de las plantillas ortopédicas desarrolladas, tanto por como por la factibilidad de fabricación, la aprobación de los usuarios y estabilidad dimensional del material TPE tras su uso progresivo, corroborándose para aplicaciones ortopédicas personalizadas mediante impresión 3D.
The objective of this research is to implement and evaluate a new protocol for the fabrication of orthopedic insoles using 3D printing, intended for the Physiatry Service of the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital. In order to automate the manufacturing process and standardize production at low cost, a usability testing protocol was designed and previously approved by the Ethics Committee of the Concepción Health Service. In the first phase, a mechanical analysis of three thermoplastic materials was carried out through tensile and compression tests in accordance with ASTM D2990 standards, selecting TPE for its high flexibility and elastic behavior. Subsequently, an initial clinical evaluation was performed to obtain plantar footprints, followed by the fabrication of the insoles using 3D printing with 30% internal TPE infill, based on an automated design developed in Rhino 8. The design algorithm was improved through mathematical expressions inspired by traditional templates used in the physiatrics workshop. In the final phase, usability tests were conducted over approximately one month with patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The fabrication time for each insole ranged from 3 to 6 hours, with an estimated production cost between $2,984 and $4,167 Chilean pesos. The results of the OPUS questionnaire indicated maximum scores in terms of comfort, footwear adaptability, and absence of discomfort. Through 3D scanning, the dimensions of the insoles before and after use were compared, revealing a slight reduction in maximum width and an increase in thickness in areas of higher plantar pressure. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the developed orthopedic insoles was confirmed based on manufacturing feasibility, user approval, and the dimensional stability of the TPE material after progressive use, validating their potential for personalized orthopedic applications using 3D printing.
The objective of this research is to implement and evaluate a new protocol for the fabrication of orthopedic insoles using 3D printing, intended for the Physiatry Service of the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital. In order to automate the manufacturing process and standardize production at low cost, a usability testing protocol was designed and previously approved by the Ethics Committee of the Concepción Health Service. In the first phase, a mechanical analysis of three thermoplastic materials was carried out through tensile and compression tests in accordance with ASTM D2990 standards, selecting TPE for its high flexibility and elastic behavior. Subsequently, an initial clinical evaluation was performed to obtain plantar footprints, followed by the fabrication of the insoles using 3D printing with 30% internal TPE infill, based on an automated design developed in Rhino 8. The design algorithm was improved through mathematical expressions inspired by traditional templates used in the physiatrics workshop. In the final phase, usability tests were conducted over approximately one month with patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The fabrication time for each insole ranged from 3 to 6 hours, with an estimated production cost between $2,984 and $4,167 Chilean pesos. The results of the OPUS questionnaire indicated maximum scores in terms of comfort, footwear adaptability, and absence of discomfort. Through 3D scanning, the dimensions of the insoles before and after use were compared, revealing a slight reduction in maximum width and an increase in thickness in areas of higher plantar pressure. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the developed orthopedic insoles was confirmed based on manufacturing feasibility, user approval, and the dimensional stability of the TPE material after progressive use, validating their potential for personalized orthopedic applications using 3D printing.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Civil Biomédico/a.
Keywords
Medicina física, Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, Ortopedia