Descarbonización de una central a carbón convencional mediante la integración de Batería de Carnot con almacenamiento de sales fundidas.
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Date
2024
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
En la actualidad la transición hacia un futuro energético sostenible es una prioridad global para combatir el cambio climático y reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles. En este contexto, la descarbonización de las centrales eléctricas de carbón es crucial. Este proceso incluye la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y la adopción de fuentes de energía renovables y tecnologías más limpias. Una de las principales fuentes de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero son las centrales termoeléctricas convencionales a base de carbón, las cuales pretenden ser suprimidas de la matriz energética. En este contexto surge la propuesta de darle una nueva vida útil a estas instalaciones con la implementación de nuevas tecnologías como las Baterías de Carnot, la cual convierte la energía eléctrica en térmica para posteriormente ser convertida nuevamente en energía eléctrica. En esta memoria se analiza la viabilidad técnica, económica y ambiental de la descarbonización de una central de carbón convencional mediante la integración de una Batería de Carnot con almacenamiento de sales fundidas. Este sistema almacena el exceso de electricidad como energía térmica y la convierte de nuevo en electricidad cuando la demanda supera la oferta.
Se realiza una revisión a la teoría relacionada con estas baterías, los métodos considerados como Baterías de Carnot, los sistemas de almacenamiento térmico disponibles y se mencionan sus cualidades y limitaciones, a su vez que se selecciona cual método es óptimo para el operar con sales fundidas como material de almacenamiento térmico.
Se selecciona una central termoeléctrica con el fin de estudiar la rentabilidad de integrarle a su sistema Baterías de Carnot, la energía eléctrica será suministrada de forma hipotética por una planta fotovoltaica existente con el fin de tener parámetros de referencia al momento de realizar el estudio. Se realiza un análisis de sensibilidad en su tiempo de carga y en cómo afecta en su tiempo de descarga, se realiza dimensionamiento de equipos, además de un balance de masa y energía correspondiente a los sistemas ya integrados, de los que se deduce que técnicamente es viable la integración de las baterías, aunque para mayor optimización del sistema sería ideal aumentar la cantidad de energía eléctrica utilizada para la carga de estas. Se realizan análisis económico y ambiental donde en ambos casos se observan balances positivos, obteniendo ganancias al año 17 en análisis del VAN y una significativa disminución en emisiones de CO2 al medio ambiente, disminuyendo las emisiones hasta en un 85% en el caso de estudio.
De los resultados obtenidos se determina que este tipo de sistemas son viables en un futuro en Chile, ya que se estima un gran aumento en la capacidad instalada de energía renovables, las cuales poseen como una de sus debilidades las grandes cantidades de energía excedente que producen y que podría ser aprovechada en este sistema de almacenamiento propuesto.
Currently, the transition toward a sustainable energy future is a global priority for combating climate change and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. In this context, the decarbonization of coal-fired power plants is crucial. This process includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adopting renewable energy sources and cleaner technologies. One of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions is conventional coal-fired power plants, which are intended to be phased out of the energy matrix. It is in this context that the proposal arises to give these installations a new lease of life through the implementation of new technologies such as Carnot Batteries, which convert electrical energy into thermal energy to be later converted back into electrical energy. This thesis analyzes the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of decarbonizing a conventional coal power plant by integrating a Carnot Battery with molten salt storage. This system stores excess electricity as thermal energy and converts it back into electricity when demand exceeds supply. A review of the theory related to these batteries is conducted, considering methods known as Carnot Batteries, available thermal storage systems, and mentioning their qualities and limitations, while also selecting the optimal method for operating with molten salts as thermal storage material. A thermoelectric plant is selected to study the profitability of integrating Carnot Batteries into its system. The electrical energy will be hypothetically supplied by an existing photovoltaic plant to have reference parameters when conducting the study. A sensitivity analysis is performed on its charging time and how it affects its discharge time, equipment sizing is done, in addition to a mass and energy balance corresponding to the integrated systems, from which it is deduced that technically the integration of the batteries is viable, although for greater optimization of the system, it would be ideal to increase the amount of electrical energy used for charging them. Economic and environmental analyses are conducted, both of which show positive balances, obtaining profits by year 17 in the NPV analysis and a significant reduction in CO2 emissions into the environment, reducing emissions by up to 85% in the case study. Based on the results obtained, it is determined that this type of system is viable in the future in Chile, as a significant increase in the installed capacity of renewable energy is expected. One of the weaknesses of renewable energy is the large amounts of excess energy produced, which could be utilized in this proposed storage system.
Currently, the transition toward a sustainable energy future is a global priority for combating climate change and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. In this context, the decarbonization of coal-fired power plants is crucial. This process includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adopting renewable energy sources and cleaner technologies. One of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions is conventional coal-fired power plants, which are intended to be phased out of the energy matrix. It is in this context that the proposal arises to give these installations a new lease of life through the implementation of new technologies such as Carnot Batteries, which convert electrical energy into thermal energy to be later converted back into electrical energy. This thesis analyzes the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of decarbonizing a conventional coal power plant by integrating a Carnot Battery with molten salt storage. This system stores excess electricity as thermal energy and converts it back into electricity when demand exceeds supply. A review of the theory related to these batteries is conducted, considering methods known as Carnot Batteries, available thermal storage systems, and mentioning their qualities and limitations, while also selecting the optimal method for operating with molten salts as thermal storage material. A thermoelectric plant is selected to study the profitability of integrating Carnot Batteries into its system. The electrical energy will be hypothetically supplied by an existing photovoltaic plant to have reference parameters when conducting the study. A sensitivity analysis is performed on its charging time and how it affects its discharge time, equipment sizing is done, in addition to a mass and energy balance corresponding to the integrated systems, from which it is deduced that technically the integration of the batteries is viable, although for greater optimization of the system, it would be ideal to increase the amount of electrical energy used for charging them. Economic and environmental analyses are conducted, both of which show positive balances, obtaining profits by year 17 in the NPV analysis and a significant reduction in CO2 emissions into the environment, reducing emissions by up to 85% in the case study. Based on the results obtained, it is determined that this type of system is viable in the future in Chile, as a significant increase in the installed capacity of renewable energy is expected. One of the weaknesses of renewable energy is the large amounts of excess energy produced, which could be utilized in this proposed storage system.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Civil Mecánico/a.
Keywords
Centrales termoeléctricas, Centrales termoeléctricas de carbón, Sales fundidas