Elasticidad de la demanda de trabajo por género: Evidencia para Chile.
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
En esta memoria de título se analiza la elasticidad de la demanda laboral por género en Chile. Para llevar a cabo este estudio, se utilizó la Encuesta Longitudinal de Empresas (ELE), elaborada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) en conjunto al Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo de Chile. Esta encuesta caracteriza la realidad empresarial del país según el tamaño de las empresas y el sector económico en el que participan. Se trabajó específicamente con las rondas de la encuesta correspondientes a los años 2017, 2019 y 2022, debido a que en estos períodos la encuesta incluye información desagregada por género.
El principal objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar cómo afectan las variaciones salariales a la demanda laboral por género, realizando un análisis por sector económico y nivel jerárquico. Para ello, se construyó una base de datos de panel, en la cual se utilizaron modelos econométricos, tales como Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO) y un modelo de Efectos Fijos. Este último permite controlar por características no observadas pertenecientes a cada empresa, que podrían sesgar las estimaciones.
Los resultados obtenidos son consistentes con la literatura existente y muestran para los dos modelos aplicados elasticidades negativas tanto para los hombres como para las mujeres. En el modelo de MCO, la elasticidad estimada es de -0,389 para las mujeres y de -0,341 para los hombres. Sin embargo, al utilizar el modelo de Efectos Fijos, estas elasticidades se reducen en magnitud, alcanzando -0,301 para las mujeres y -0,321 para los hombres, invirtiéndose la relación observada inicialmente. Además, se identificaron sectores como Agricultura y Otras Actividades, referentes al sector artístico, de entretenimiento y recreativo, donde la elasticidad de la demanda femenina es particularmente baja, lo que refleja una mayor vulnerabilidad ante cambios en los salarios. Respecto al nivel jerárquico, los cargos directivos, profesionales y técnicos para ambos géneros, muestran elasticidades de menor magnitud, evidenciando mayor estabilidad laboral. Por otro lado, trabajadores de producción no calificada poseen una elasticidad de alrededor de -0,47 para ambos sexos, lo que implica una mayor sensibilidad a variaciones en el salario para este grupo de trabajadores.
Estos hallazgos resultan fundamentales para el diseño de políticas públicas y subrayan la importancia de continuar con estudios de este tipo. Por lo que se recomienda que a medida que se disponga de nuevas rondas de la ELE, se monitoree la evolución de estas diferencias y así diseñar intervenciones más focalizadas y efectivas.
This thesis analyzes the elasticity of labor demand by gender in Chile. In order to carry out this study, the Longitudinal Survey of Firms (ELE), developed by the National Institute of Statistics (INE) in conjunction with the Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism of Chile, was used. This survey characterizes the business reality of the country according to the size of the companies and the economic sector in which they participate. We worked specifically with the survey rounds corresponding to the years 2017, 2019 and 2022, because in these periods the survey includes information disaggregated by gender. The main objective of this research is to evaluate how wage variations affect labor demand by gender, carrying out an analysis by economic sector and hierarchical level. For this purpose, a panel database was constructed, in which econometric models were used, such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and a Fixed Effects model. The latter allows controlling for unobserved characteristics pertaining to each company, which could bias the estimates. The results obtained are consistent with the existing literature and show negative elasticities for both models for both men and women. In the OLS model, the estimated elasticity is -0.389 for women and -0.341 for men. However, when using the Fixed Effects model, these elasticities are reduced in magnitude, reaching -0.301 for women and -0.321 for men, reversing the initially observed relationship. In addition, sectors such as Agriculture and Other Activities, referring to the arts, entertainment and recreation sector, were identified where the elasticity of female demand is particularly low, reflecting a greater vulnerability to changes in wages. Regarding the hierarchical level, managerial, professional and technical positions for both genders show lower elasticities, showing greater job stability. On the other hand, unskilled production workers have an elasticity of around -0.47 for both genders, which implies a greater sensitivity to wage variations for this group of workers. These findings are fundamental for the design of public policies and underline the importance of continuing with studies of this type. It is therefore recommended that as new rounds of the ELE become available, the evolution of these differences should be monitored in order to design more targeted and effective interventions.
This thesis analyzes the elasticity of labor demand by gender in Chile. In order to carry out this study, the Longitudinal Survey of Firms (ELE), developed by the National Institute of Statistics (INE) in conjunction with the Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism of Chile, was used. This survey characterizes the business reality of the country according to the size of the companies and the economic sector in which they participate. We worked specifically with the survey rounds corresponding to the years 2017, 2019 and 2022, because in these periods the survey includes information disaggregated by gender. The main objective of this research is to evaluate how wage variations affect labor demand by gender, carrying out an analysis by economic sector and hierarchical level. For this purpose, a panel database was constructed, in which econometric models were used, such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and a Fixed Effects model. The latter allows controlling for unobserved characteristics pertaining to each company, which could bias the estimates. The results obtained are consistent with the existing literature and show negative elasticities for both models for both men and women. In the OLS model, the estimated elasticity is -0.389 for women and -0.341 for men. However, when using the Fixed Effects model, these elasticities are reduced in magnitude, reaching -0.301 for women and -0.321 for men, reversing the initially observed relationship. In addition, sectors such as Agriculture and Other Activities, referring to the arts, entertainment and recreation sector, were identified where the elasticity of female demand is particularly low, reflecting a greater vulnerability to changes in wages. Regarding the hierarchical level, managerial, professional and technical positions for both genders show lower elasticities, showing greater job stability. On the other hand, unskilled production workers have an elasticity of around -0.47 for both genders, which implies a greater sensitivity to wage variations for this group of workers. These findings are fundamental for the design of public policies and underline the importance of continuing with studies of this type. It is therefore recommended that as new rounds of the ELE become available, the evolution of these differences should be monitored in order to design more targeted and effective interventions.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a en Civil Industrial.
Keywords
Demanda de mano de obra, Género, Salarios, Econometría