Análisis comparativo del uso del tiempo en Chile según la Encuesta Nacional de Uso de Tiempo 2025 y 2023.
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Date
2025
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Este estudio analiza comparativamente los cambios en el uso del tiempo en la población chilena, a partir de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Uso del Tiempo (ENUT) de los años 2015 y 2023. Mediante un enfoque mixto que combina análisis cualitativo, descriptivo y econométrico, se identifican patrones diferenciados en la distribución del tiempo según sexo, edad, nivel educacional, ingreso y ubicación geográfica.
El estudio se enmarca en un contexto nacional atravesado por transformaciones sociales, económicas y culturales de gran escala. Las movilizaciones sociales de 2019, la pandemia de COVID-19 y la implementación de políticas como el teletrabajo y el incipiente Plan Nacional de Cuidados han alterado las dinámicas cotidianas de millones de personas.
Entre los hallazgos más relevantes destaca la persistencia de brechas de género en el trabajo doméstico y de cuidados, la caída en la participación de personas mayores en múltiples esferas de la vida social, y el aumento del tiempo dedicado al transporte en regiones fuera de la capital. Además, se identifica un perfil emergente de mujeres jóvenes con alta inserción laboral y educativa, que también cargan con tareas reproductivas sin una redistribución proporcional, lo que evidencia una intensificación de la doble jornada.
Para entender cómo las personas deciden distribuir su presupuesto semanal de tiempo entre distintas actividades, se realizó un análisis econométrico que permitió identificar perfiles temporales diferenciados y sus transformaciones entre 2015 y 2023, aportando evidencia empírica para el diseño de políticas públicas más justas y con enfoque de equidad de género.
Asimismo, se identifican oportunidades de mejora en las propias ENUT, particularmente en la comparabilidad metodológica, la periodicidad de aplicación y la integración con otras fuentes de datos.
En conjunto, los resultados refuerzan la urgencia de un Sistema Nacional de Cuidados efectivo y de gran alcance, la incorporación del tiempo como variable en políticas laborales y urbanas, y el fortalecimiento del derecho al ocio como dimensión del bienestar.
This study offers a comparative analysis of changes in time-use among the Chilean population, based on data from the National Time Use Survey (ENUT) for the years 2015 and 2023. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative, descriptive, and econometric analysis, the study identifies differentiated patterns in time distribution by sex, age, educational level, income, and geographic location. The study is framed within a national context marked by large-scale social, economic, and cultural transformations. The 2019 social uprisings, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the implementation of policies such as telework and the emerging National Care Plan have significantly altered the daily dynamics of millions of people. Key findings include the persistence of gender gaps in domestic and caregiving work, the decline in participation of older adults in multiple areas of social life, and the increase in commuting time in regions outside the capital. In addition, an emerging profile is identified: young women with high levels of labor market and educational participation who also carry reproductive responsibilities, without a proportional redistribution, revealing an intensification of the double burden. To understand how individuals allocate their weekly time budget across different activities, an econometric analysis was conducted. This allowed the identification of distinct temporal profiles and their transformations between 2015 and 2023, providing empirical evidence to support the design of more equitable and gender-sensitive public policies. The study also highlights areas for improvement in the ENUT itself, particularly in methodological comparability, survey frequency, and integration with other data sources. Taken together, the results reinforce the urgency of implementing an effective and far-reaching National Care System, incorporating time as a variable in labor and urban policies, and strengthening the right to leisure as a dimension of well-being.
This study offers a comparative analysis of changes in time-use among the Chilean population, based on data from the National Time Use Survey (ENUT) for the years 2015 and 2023. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative, descriptive, and econometric analysis, the study identifies differentiated patterns in time distribution by sex, age, educational level, income, and geographic location. The study is framed within a national context marked by large-scale social, economic, and cultural transformations. The 2019 social uprisings, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the implementation of policies such as telework and the emerging National Care Plan have significantly altered the daily dynamics of millions of people. Key findings include the persistence of gender gaps in domestic and caregiving work, the decline in participation of older adults in multiple areas of social life, and the increase in commuting time in regions outside the capital. In addition, an emerging profile is identified: young women with high levels of labor market and educational participation who also carry reproductive responsibilities, without a proportional redistribution, revealing an intensification of the double burden. To understand how individuals allocate their weekly time budget across different activities, an econometric analysis was conducted. This allowed the identification of distinct temporal profiles and their transformations between 2015 and 2023, providing empirical evidence to support the design of more equitable and gender-sensitive public policies. The study also highlights areas for improvement in the ENUT itself, particularly in methodological comparability, survey frequency, and integration with other data sources. Taken together, the results reinforce the urgency of implementing an effective and far-reaching National Care System, incorporating time as a variable in labor and urban policies, and strengthening the right to leisure as a dimension of well-being.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Civil Industrial.
Keywords
Teletrabajo, Encuestas, Jornada de trabajo, Cronobiología