Efectos de vehículos con sobrecarga en puentes simplemente apoyados.
Date
2025
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El tránsito de vehículos con sobrecarga, necesarios, por ejemplo, para el transporte de transformadores, turbinas, vigas prefabricadas, componentes industriales indivisibles, maquinaria pesada autopropulsada, etc., es una problemática que afecta la infraestructura vial. En particular en esta investigación, es de interés el impacto generado en puentes producto estos vehículos. En Chile, la circulación de estos vehículos es regulada por el Manual de Cargas Especiales de la Dirección de Vialidad (2023).
Este estudio analiza los efectos de la circulación de vehículos con sobrecarga en puentes simplemente apoyados de vano entre 5 y 70 metros, en términos del momento flector y la fuerza cortante que estos generan. A partir del análisis de datos nacionales de permisos de vehículos con sobrepeso otorgados entre 2018 y 2023, se caracterizaron los tipos de vehículos con sobrecarga más comunes en el país, se identificaron las regiones con mayor tránsito de estos vehículos y se propusieron trenes de carga representativos de dichas configuraciones detectadas. Se evaluaron los efectos de momento flector y fuerza cortante generados por distintas configuraciones vehiculares en comparación con las demandas de diseño establecidas en las normativas vigentes.
En la mayoría de los casos, las configuraciones de vehículos sobrecargados evaluadas superaron las demandas de diseño. Los resultados evidencian que el patrón de carga normativo HS20-44+20% es superado por prácticamente todos vehículos evaluados, mientras que el patrón normativo HL-93 induce demandas estructurales comparables a las de camiones menos sobrecargados actuando en vanos de gran longitud. Los mayores porcentajes de excedencia en momento flector ocurrieron en vanos menores a 15 metros. La fuerza cortante producto de grúas autopropulsadas fueron más críticas en vanos cortos (luces menores a 15 m). La fuerza cortante producto de camiones fueron más críticas en vanos medianos (luces entre 20 y 30 m). Las grúas autopropulsadas presentaron las mayores excedencias en ambos casos, acercándose a los límites de diseño por resistencia en una de las configuraciones estudiadas de peso bruto total 78 toneladas. Estos resultados destacan la influencia de la distribución de las cargas por eje y la longitud del vano en el comportamiento estructural. Los hallazgos de este estudio proporcionan información estructural valiosa para el diseño de puentes, la conservación de estos y para la fiscalización del transporte de cargas especiales.
The transit of overloaded vehicles, necessary for transporting transformers, turbines, prefabricated beams, indivisible industrial components, self-propelled heavy machinery, etc., poses a challenge to road infrastructure. In this study, particular interest is given to the impact of these vehicles on bridges. In Chile, the circulation of such vehicles is regulated by the Special Loads Manual of the Directorate of Roads (2023). This study analyzes the effects of overloaded vehicle traffic on simply supported bridges with spans ranging from 5 to 70 meters, focusing on the bending moment and shear force they generate. Based on an analysis of national databases of overweight vehicle permits issued between 2018 and 2023, the most common types of overloaded vehicles in the country were identified, the regions with the highest traffic of these vehicles were determined, and representative load models were proposed based on the detected configurations. The effects of bending moment and shear force generated by different vehicle configurations were evaluated in comparison with the design demands established by current regulations. In most cases, the evaluated overloaded vehicle configurations exceeded the design demands. The results show that the regulatory load pattern HS20-44+20% was exceeded by almost all evaluated vehicles, while the HL-93 load pattern induced structural demands comparable to those of less overloaded trucks operating on long-span bridges. The highest excess percentages in bending moment occurred in spans shorter than 15 meters. The shear force generated by self-propelled cranes was more critical in short spans (less than 15 meters), while the shear force from trucks was more critical in medium spans (between 20 and 30 meters). Self-propelled cranes exhibited the highest exceedances in both cases, approaching the resistance design limits in one of the studied configurations with a total gross weight of 78 tons. These results highlight the influence of axle load distribution and span length on structural behavior. The findings of this study provide valuable structural information for bridge design, maintenance, and the regulation of special load transportation.
The transit of overloaded vehicles, necessary for transporting transformers, turbines, prefabricated beams, indivisible industrial components, self-propelled heavy machinery, etc., poses a challenge to road infrastructure. In this study, particular interest is given to the impact of these vehicles on bridges. In Chile, the circulation of such vehicles is regulated by the Special Loads Manual of the Directorate of Roads (2023). This study analyzes the effects of overloaded vehicle traffic on simply supported bridges with spans ranging from 5 to 70 meters, focusing on the bending moment and shear force they generate. Based on an analysis of national databases of overweight vehicle permits issued between 2018 and 2023, the most common types of overloaded vehicles in the country were identified, the regions with the highest traffic of these vehicles were determined, and representative load models were proposed based on the detected configurations. The effects of bending moment and shear force generated by different vehicle configurations were evaluated in comparison with the design demands established by current regulations. In most cases, the evaluated overloaded vehicle configurations exceeded the design demands. The results show that the regulatory load pattern HS20-44+20% was exceeded by almost all evaluated vehicles, while the HL-93 load pattern induced structural demands comparable to those of less overloaded trucks operating on long-span bridges. The highest excess percentages in bending moment occurred in spans shorter than 15 meters. The shear force generated by self-propelled cranes was more critical in short spans (less than 15 meters), while the shear force from trucks was more critical in medium spans (between 20 and 30 meters). Self-propelled cranes exhibited the highest exceedances in both cases, approaching the resistance design limits in one of the studied configurations with a total gross weight of 78 tons. These results highlight the influence of axle load distribution and span length on structural behavior. The findings of this study provide valuable structural information for bridge design, maintenance, and the regulation of special load transportation.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Civil.
Keywords
Puentes, Redes viales, Ingeniería estructural