Fragmentación y conectividad ecológica del bosque nativo en el Paisaje de Conservación del Territorio Nonguén entre los años 2000 y 2024: implicancias para la planificación territorial.
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El crecimiento de la población y su concentración en áreas urbanas densamente pobladas ha generado distintos tipos de presiones en el medio natural a nivel mundial, ya que viene acompañada de procesos como el aumento de zonas agrícolas, cambios de uso de suelo y expansión urbana, los que se traducen en un orden territorial que es generalmente atendido por los instrumentos de planificación territorial. Estos procesos son más intensos en los países de América del sur y en Chile. Uno de los fenómenos relacionados a estos procesos dinámicos es el cambio en la estructura de los paisajes y sus ecosistemas, entre estos cambios se encuentra la fragmentación de hábitats la cual genera importantes transformaciones en la conectividad ecologica estructural que es responsable de los equilibrios ecosistémicos y sus componentes bióticos y abióticos. Estos procesos han encendido la atención internacional desde hace ya más de 5 décadas, desarrollando conferencias mundiales por el medioambiente y marcos globales por la biodiversidad con enfoque en el cuidado de ecosistemas con alto endemismo de especies, enfatizando las responsabilidades en los estados, generando metas comunes y utilizando las áreas protegidas como lenguaje común en los marcos internacionales. Una de estas áreas protegidas con alto valor en biodiversidad en Chile es el Parque Nacional Nonguén el cual está rodeado de los procesos que acompañan el crecimiento urbano, enfrentando nuevos desafíos legislativos, sociales y políticos relacionados al mismo ordenamiento territorial para su mejor conservación. Una forma de conservar y establecer una relación directa con estas áreas protegidas es el paisaje de conservación, el cual se expresa como una herramienta de conservación ex situ de las áreas protegidas, es en este espacio geográfico donde se caracterizará la fragmentación de hábitat y la conectividad ecologica estructural entre los periodos del año 2000 y 2024 por medio de la plataforma Google Earth Engine donde se procesaron imágenes Landsat evaluando la fragmentación y conectividad ecologica estructural para interrelacionar los resultados con los usos de suelo actuales, vigentes en el Plan Regulador Metropolitano de Concepción del 2003 para la propuesta de Paisaje de Conservación del Territorio Nonguén, mostrando importantes reducciones de núcleos de parche y aumento de bordes de parche, lo que interrelacionado con los instrumentos de planificación territorial expresan un avance sostenido en la degradación del ecosistema local y el avance de una matriz que homogeniza los patrones espaciales, acompañada de una deficiente planificación territorial para el entorno directo del Parque Nacional Nonguén.
Population growth and its concentration in densely populated urban areas has generated various types of pressures on the natural environment worldwide. This is accompanied by processes such as the increase in agricultural areas, land-use changes, and urban expansion, which translate into a territorial order that is generally addressed by territorial planning instruments. These processes are more intense in South American countries and Chile. One of the phenomena related to these dynamic processes is the change in the structure of landscapes and their ecosystems. Among these changes is habitat fragmentation, which generates significant transformations in the structural ecological connectivity responsible for ecosystem balance and its biotic and abiotic components. These processes have attracted international attention for more than five decades, developing global environmental conferences and global biodiversity frameworks focused on the care of ecosystems with high species endemism, emphasizing state responsibilities, generating common goals, and using protected areas as a common language in international frameworks. One of these protected areas with high biodiversity value in Chile is Nonguén National Park, which is surrounded by the processes that accompany urban growth, facing new legislative, social, and political challenges related to territorial planning for its better conservation. One way to conserve and establish a direct relationship with these protected areas is the conservation landscape, which is expressed as an ex situ conservation tool for protected areas. It is in this geographic space where habitat fragmentation and structural ecological connectivity will be characterized between the periods of 2000 and 2024 through the Google Earth Engine platform where Landsat images were processed, evaluating fragmentation and structural ecological connectivity to interrelate the results with current land uses in force in the Concepción Metropolitan Regulatory Plan of 2003 for the proposed Conservation Landscape of the Nonguén Territory, showing significant reductions in patch nuclei and increases in patch edges, which, when interrelated with territorial planning instruments, express a sustained advance in the degradation of the local ecosystem and the advancement of a matrix that homogenizes spatial patterns, accompanied by poor territorial planning for the direct environment of Nonguén National Park.
Population growth and its concentration in densely populated urban areas has generated various types of pressures on the natural environment worldwide. This is accompanied by processes such as the increase in agricultural areas, land-use changes, and urban expansion, which translate into a territorial order that is generally addressed by territorial planning instruments. These processes are more intense in South American countries and Chile. One of the phenomena related to these dynamic processes is the change in the structure of landscapes and their ecosystems. Among these changes is habitat fragmentation, which generates significant transformations in the structural ecological connectivity responsible for ecosystem balance and its biotic and abiotic components. These processes have attracted international attention for more than five decades, developing global environmental conferences and global biodiversity frameworks focused on the care of ecosystems with high species endemism, emphasizing state responsibilities, generating common goals, and using protected areas as a common language in international frameworks. One of these protected areas with high biodiversity value in Chile is Nonguén National Park, which is surrounded by the processes that accompany urban growth, facing new legislative, social, and political challenges related to territorial planning for its better conservation. One way to conserve and establish a direct relationship with these protected areas is the conservation landscape, which is expressed as an ex situ conservation tool for protected areas. It is in this geographic space where habitat fragmentation and structural ecological connectivity will be characterized between the periods of 2000 and 2024 through the Google Earth Engine platform where Landsat images were processed, evaluating fragmentation and structural ecological connectivity to interrelate the results with current land uses in force in the Concepción Metropolitan Regulatory Plan of 2003 for the proposed Conservation Landscape of the Nonguén Territory, showing significant reductions in patch nuclei and increases in patch edges, which, when interrelated with territorial planning instruments, express a sustained advance in the degradation of the local ecosystem and the advancement of a matrix that homogenizes spatial patterns, accompanied by poor territorial planning for the direct environment of Nonguén National Park.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Geógrafo/a.
Keywords
Expansión territorial, Crecimiento urbano, Planificación urbana, Ecosistemas, Bosque nativo Chile, Parques nacionales