Estudio de la accesibilidad a puntos de reciclaje en relación con el nivel socioeconómico sectorial en la provincia de Concepción mediante SIG.
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La presente memoria de título, de carácter investigativo, analiza la accesibilidad a los puntos de reciclaje municipales denominados “Puntos Limpios” en relación con variables demográficas y al nivel socioeconómico de cada sector urbano en la Provincia de Concepción, Chile, mediante el uso de SIG. La investigación surge frente al desafío de la gestión de residuos sólidos domiciliarios y el rol del reciclaje como pilar fundamental en el marco de la Ley REP y en el desarrollo de la economía circular.
La metodología aplicada fue de carácter cuantitativo, recopilando datos geoespaciales de los Puntos Limpios instalados en la provincia a través de solicitudes mediante la Ley de Transparencia a las municipalidades, integrando datos del Censo 2017 con la Matriz de Bienestar Humano Territorial (MBHT) del Centro de Inteligencia Territorial (CIT) de la Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez y la clasificación de Grupos Socio Económicos de la AIM. Con estas bases, se elaboró un SIG mediante el software QGIS, complementado con herramientas de análisis de accesibilidad mediante la generación de mapas isócronos de caminata de 5, 10 y 15 minutos, lo que permitió estimar la cobertura del área de servicio de Puntos Limpios a la población. Los resultados revelan disparidades relevantes tanto a nivel provincial como comunal. Desde la ausencia de Puntos Limpios disponibles en las comunas de Hualpén, Penco, Hualqui y Florida, hasta desigualdades socioeconómicas donde grupos de mayores ingresos presentan mejor accesibilidad que sectores más vulnerables. Comunas con más de la mitad de su población cubierta a 15 minutos de un Punto Limpio como el caso de Concepción y Chiguayante (53% y 70%), y otras con apenas el 10% como Tomé, además de tendencias en favor de manzanas con nivel socioeconómico alto, como Lota y Santa Juana.
Se concluye que estas brechas evidencian la necesidad del desarrollo de políticas públicas que reduzcan las inequidades territoriales y sociales en la gestión de residuos sólidos domiciliarios. Entre las propuestas se destacan la instalación estratégica de Puntos Limpios en sectores con baja cobertura, la implementación de incentivos al acceso de las municipalidades al SCAM y el fortalecimiento de la educación ambiental a la población. Esta memoria aporta un marco metodológico replicable para futuras investigaciones en otros contextos urbanos, contribuyendo a la discusión sobre la aplicación de la Ley REP y sobre estrategias y sistemas de gestión de residuos en Chile y América Latina.
The present thesis analyzes the accessibility to municipal recycling points, known as Puntos Limpios, in relation to demographic variables and the socioeconomic level of each urban sector in the Province of Concepción, Chile, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The research addresses the challenge of managing household solid waste and highlights the role of recycling as a key pillar under the Extended Producer Responsibility Law (REP) and the development of the circular economy. A quantitative methodology was applied, collecting geospatial data on Puntos Limpios installed in the province through transparency requests to municipalities, and integrating data from the 2017 Census with the Territorial Human Well-being Matrix (MBHT) from the CIT at Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, together with the socioeconomic group classification of AIM. Based on this information, a GIS was developed using QGIS software, complemented by accessibility analysis tools through walking-time isochrone maps (5, 10, and 15 minutes), which allowed estimating the population coverage of the recycling points. The results reveal significant disparities at both the provincial and communal levels, ranging from the absence of Puntos Limpios in communes such as Hualpén, Penco, Hualqui, and Florida, to socioeconomic inequalities where higher-income groups show greater accessibility compared to more vulnerable sectors. Some communes have more than half of their population located within a 15-minute distance of a Punto Limpio, such as Concepción and Chiguayante (53% and 70%), while others, like Tomé, have barely 10% coverage. There are also trends favoring areas with higher socioeconomic levels, such as Lota and Santa Juana. It is concluded that these gaps highlight the need for public policies aimed at reducing territorial and social inequities in the management of household solid waste. Proposals include the strategic installation of Puntos Limpios in low-coverage areas, the implementation of incentives for municipal access to SCAM certification, and the strengthening of environmental education. This thesis provides a replicable methodological framework for future research in other urban contexts, contributing to the discussion on the implementation of the REP Law and on waste management strategies and systems in Chile and Latin America.
The present thesis analyzes the accessibility to municipal recycling points, known as Puntos Limpios, in relation to demographic variables and the socioeconomic level of each urban sector in the Province of Concepción, Chile, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The research addresses the challenge of managing household solid waste and highlights the role of recycling as a key pillar under the Extended Producer Responsibility Law (REP) and the development of the circular economy. A quantitative methodology was applied, collecting geospatial data on Puntos Limpios installed in the province through transparency requests to municipalities, and integrating data from the 2017 Census with the Territorial Human Well-being Matrix (MBHT) from the CIT at Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, together with the socioeconomic group classification of AIM. Based on this information, a GIS was developed using QGIS software, complemented by accessibility analysis tools through walking-time isochrone maps (5, 10, and 15 minutes), which allowed estimating the population coverage of the recycling points. The results reveal significant disparities at both the provincial and communal levels, ranging from the absence of Puntos Limpios in communes such as Hualpén, Penco, Hualqui, and Florida, to socioeconomic inequalities where higher-income groups show greater accessibility compared to more vulnerable sectors. Some communes have more than half of their population located within a 15-minute distance of a Punto Limpio, such as Concepción and Chiguayante (53% and 70%), while others, like Tomé, have barely 10% coverage. There are also trends favoring areas with higher socioeconomic levels, such as Lota and Santa Juana. It is concluded that these gaps highlight the need for public policies aimed at reducing territorial and social inequities in the management of household solid waste. Proposals include the strategic installation of Puntos Limpios in low-coverage areas, the implementation of incentives for municipal access to SCAM certification, and the strengthening of environmental education. This thesis provides a replicable methodological framework for future research in other urban contexts, contributing to the discussion on the implementation of the REP Law and on waste management strategies and systems in Chile and Latin America.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Civil Industrial.
Keywords
Reciclaje, Municipios, Eliminación de basuras, Economía circular