Efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada en el rendimiento y la utilidad económica del híbrido de maíz Dekalb 478 (Zea mays L.) para granos secos
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El maíz es una de las gramíneas más importantes para el sustento humano, se cultiva en todos los continentes del mundo, aunque es originario del continente americano. La fertilidad del suelo determina la producción de los cultivos y está influenciada tanto por las características naturales del suelo como por las actividades agrícolas. La aplicación adecuada de fertilizantes nitrogenados solo se puede lograr de manera eficiente después de estudiar las necesidades de nutrientes importantes para los cultivos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el desempeño de un nuevo material genético (híbrido Dekalb 478) con distintos grados de fertilización nitrogenada (260, 360 y 420 kg N ha⁻¹). Se observó que la aplicación de 420 kg N ha⁻¹ maximiza el desarrollo morfológico y la productividad de este híbrido, resultando en un mayor rendimiento y utilidad económica por hectárea. Sin embargo, la altura de la planta se estabiliza entre 360 y 420 kg N ha⁻¹. Aunque este nivel de fertilización es económicamente beneficioso, su uso excesivo puede causar problemas ambientales, como la lixiviación de nitratos y emisiones de óxido nitroso. Por lo tanto, es crucial adoptar prácticas sostenibles y tecnologías de precisión para optimizar la eficiencia del nitrógeno (N) y minimizar el impacto ambiental. Futuros estudios deberían enfocarse en la eficiencia del N en diversas condiciones y en la implementación de tecnologías de precisión.
Maize, one of the most important cereals for human sustenance, is cultivated on every continent, and is native from the American continent. Essentially, soil fertility dictates how well agricultural production performs. The fertility of a plant is influenced by both natural characteristics and agricultural activities. The proper application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers can only be efficiently achieved after conducting research on the response of the important components of crops. This research enables a better understanding of how new genetic materials (hybrid Dekalb 478) behave with different levels of N fertilization (260, 360, and 420 kg N ha⁻¹). This research showed that the application of 420 kg N ha⁻¹ in the Dekalb 478 hybrid maximized morphological development and productivity, resulting in higher yield and profitability per hectare. However, plant height was stabilized between 360 and 420 kg N ha⁻¹. Although this level of fertilization is economically beneficial, it is an excessive amount of N that can cause environmental problems, such as nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt sustainable practices and precision technologies to optimize N efficiency and minimize environmental impact. Future studies should focus on N efficiency under various conditions and the implementation of precision technologies.
Maize, one of the most important cereals for human sustenance, is cultivated on every continent, and is native from the American continent. Essentially, soil fertility dictates how well agricultural production performs. The fertility of a plant is influenced by both natural characteristics and agricultural activities. The proper application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers can only be efficiently achieved after conducting research on the response of the important components of crops. This research enables a better understanding of how new genetic materials (hybrid Dekalb 478) behave with different levels of N fertilization (260, 360, and 420 kg N ha⁻¹). This research showed that the application of 420 kg N ha⁻¹ in the Dekalb 478 hybrid maximized morphological development and productivity, resulting in higher yield and profitability per hectare. However, plant height was stabilized between 360 and 420 kg N ha⁻¹. Although this level of fertilization is economically beneficial, it is an excessive amount of N that can cause environmental problems, such as nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt sustainable practices and precision technologies to optimize N efficiency and minimize environmental impact. Future studies should focus on N efficiency under various conditions and the implementation of precision technologies.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo
Keywords
Maíz - Chile, Fotosíntesis, Gramíneas