Análisis comparativo entre carga polínica corbicular y melisopalinología en apiarios del secano interior y precordillera andina de la provincia del Biobío, chile.
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Date
2024
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La abeja melífera (Apis mellifera L.) desempeña un rol fundamental en la polinización de las plantas con flores, gracias a que su cuerpo genera un campo electrostático que atrae el polen de la flor y lo adhiere a su tercer par de patas, llamadas corbículas, mientras liba néctar para la producción de miel. De esta forma, la abeja melífera no solo elabora este producto, sino que también, a partir del polen corbicular, fabrica pan de abeja, utilizado como alimento para las crías de la colmena. Dado que existe en la literatura información que indica que la composición polínica de la miel y del polen corbicular variaría de acuerdo con la diversidad vegetal de los ecosistemas, las necesidades nutricionales y de salud de la colmena, el objetivo general del presente estudio consistió en comparar la composición floral del polen corbicular y de las mieles, como productos de la colmena asociados a un mismo apiario, en dos ecosistemas de la provincia de Biobío; Predio Corderito (comuna de Yumbel), en el secano interior y Pitril (comuna de Alto Biobío), en precordillera andina, durante la temporada de floración 2023 de quillay y guindo santo, respectivamente. Los cúmulos corbiculares colectados se separaron por color utilizando la Norma chilena Nch3255 (2011) asociado al uso de la paleta de color Pantone® Matching System Color Chart (PMS). Para la determinación palinológica de las cargas corbiculares, en ambos ecosistemas, se utilizó la Norma chilena Nch3255 (2011) modificada, con aplicación de mezcla acetolítica, según la Norma chilena establecida para el análisis melisopalinológico, en reemplazo de la técnica de tinción de granos de polen. Para la determinación melisopalinológica de estas mieles se utilizó la Norma chilena Nch2981.Of2005. Los resultados indican que el polen corbicular de la temporada, en el Predio Corderito, es monofloral no nativo de Galega officinalis L., y no se registra polen de quillay; en el Sector de Pitril el polen corbicular es multifloral mixto y se registra polen de guindo santo, aunque en bajo porcentaje. En el Predio Corderito, la producción de miel resultó en miel monofloral de quillay (Quillaja saponaria Molina) y en el Sector de Pitril, las abejas produjeron miel monofloral de guindo santo (Eucryphia glutinosa Poepp, & Endl). Se dispuso de análisis nutricionales para las mieles y el polen corbicular de ambos sectores, obteniendo como resultado diferencias entre ambos productos en cuanto a energía, proteínas, grasa total, hidratos de carbono, azúcares totales y sodio. El índice de diversidad de Shannon utilizado para comparar la composición floral entre miel y cargas corbiculares en cada ecosistema estudiado indicó una diversidad baja para ambos productos en Predio Corderito y una diversidad similar para ambos productos en la localidad de Pitril. Todos los resultados del presente estudio evidencian una selectividad de A. mellifera en cuanto al uso del recurso floral obtenido, de néctar y polen corbicular, y la funcionalidad específica en que éstos participan dentro de los productos de la colmena.
The honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) plays a fundamental role in the pollination of flowering plants due to its body generating an electrostatic field that attracts pollen from flowers, which adheres to its third pair of legs, called corbiculae, while it gathers nectar for honey production. In this way, the honeybee not only produces honey but also creates bee bread from the bee pollen, which is used as food for the hive's larvae. Since existing literature indicates that the pollen composition of honey and bee pollen may vary according to the plant diversity in ecosystems, as well as the nutritional and health needs of the hive, the main objective of this study was to compare the floral composition of bee pollen and honey, as hive products associated with the same apiary, in two ecosystems in the Biobío region: Predio Corderito (Yumbel commune) in the interior dryland, and Pitril (Alto Biobío commune) in the Andean foothills, during the 2023 flowering season of quillay and guindo santo, respectively. The collected bee pollen loads were separated by color using the Chilean standard Nch3255 (2011) in conjunction with the Pantone® Matching System Color Chart (PMS). For the palynological determination of bee pollen in both ecosystems, the modified Chilean standard Nch3255 (2011) was used, employing an acetolytic mixture according to the Chilean standard established for melissopalynological analysis, replacing the pollen grain staining technique. The melissopalynological determination of the honey was performed using the Chilean standard Nch2981.Of2005. The results indicate that the bee pollen from the season in Predio Corderito is a non-native monofloral pollen from Galega officinalis L., with no quillay pollen recorded; in the Pitril sector, the bee pollen is a mixed multifloral type, and guindo santo pollen is recorded, although in low percentage. In Predio Corderito, the honey produced was monofloral from quillay (Quillaja saponaria Molina), while in the Pitril sector, the bees produced monofloral honey from guindo santo (Eucryphia glutinosa Poepp. & Endl). Nutritional analyses were conducted for the honey and bee pollen from both sectors, revealing differences between the two products in terms of energy, protein, total fat, carbohydrates, total sugars, and sodium. The Shannon diversity index used to compare the floral composition between honey and bee pollen in each studied ecosystem indicated low diversity for both products in Predio Corderito and similar diversity for both products in Pitril. All results from this study demonstrate a selectivity of A. mellifera in the use of floral resources for nectar and bee pollen and the specific functionality in which they participate within hive products.
The honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) plays a fundamental role in the pollination of flowering plants due to its body generating an electrostatic field that attracts pollen from flowers, which adheres to its third pair of legs, called corbiculae, while it gathers nectar for honey production. In this way, the honeybee not only produces honey but also creates bee bread from the bee pollen, which is used as food for the hive's larvae. Since existing literature indicates that the pollen composition of honey and bee pollen may vary according to the plant diversity in ecosystems, as well as the nutritional and health needs of the hive, the main objective of this study was to compare the floral composition of bee pollen and honey, as hive products associated with the same apiary, in two ecosystems in the Biobío region: Predio Corderito (Yumbel commune) in the interior dryland, and Pitril (Alto Biobío commune) in the Andean foothills, during the 2023 flowering season of quillay and guindo santo, respectively. The collected bee pollen loads were separated by color using the Chilean standard Nch3255 (2011) in conjunction with the Pantone® Matching System Color Chart (PMS). For the palynological determination of bee pollen in both ecosystems, the modified Chilean standard Nch3255 (2011) was used, employing an acetolytic mixture according to the Chilean standard established for melissopalynological analysis, replacing the pollen grain staining technique. The melissopalynological determination of the honey was performed using the Chilean standard Nch2981.Of2005. The results indicate that the bee pollen from the season in Predio Corderito is a non-native monofloral pollen from Galega officinalis L., with no quillay pollen recorded; in the Pitril sector, the bee pollen is a mixed multifloral type, and guindo santo pollen is recorded, although in low percentage. In Predio Corderito, the honey produced was monofloral from quillay (Quillaja saponaria Molina), while in the Pitril sector, the bees produced monofloral honey from guindo santo (Eucryphia glutinosa Poepp. & Endl). Nutritional analyses were conducted for the honey and bee pollen from both sectors, revealing differences between the two products in terms of energy, protein, total fat, carbohydrates, total sugars, and sodium. The Shannon diversity index used to compare the floral composition between honey and bee pollen in each studied ecosystem indicated low diversity for both products in Predio Corderito and similar diversity for both products in Pitril. All results from this study demonstrate a selectivity of A. mellifera in the use of floral resources for nectar and bee pollen and the specific functionality in which they participate within hive products.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero en Biotecnología Vegetal
Keywords
Abeja melífera, Apis Mellifera, Polinización, Polen, Quillay, Palinología