Evaluación de la vulnerabilidad hídrica de una Cuenca del Río el Ángel y demanda de agua de la población en escenarios de cambio de uso de suelo
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Date
2016
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La disponibilidad y libre acceso al recurso hídrico para el normal desarrollo de las diferentes antrópicas mediante el uso sostenible y sustentable de la misma, es el reto que se ha planteado la humanidad, más aun considerando que durante los últimos años la población mundial se ha duplicado, lo cual ha mostrado un alto nivel de vulnerabilidad de la población ante los cambios del clima y cambio del uso de suelo debido a que este tipo de alteraciones tienen influencia directa sobre la disponibilidad de agua, por ende en la producción de alimentos y la actividad productiva en general. El área en estudio es la cuenca del Río Ángel que representa una de las zonas agrícolas más productivas de la Provincia del Carchi en Ecuador, la productividad se encuentra fuertemente limitada por una inadecuada gestión de agua con fines de riego lo que afecta en la cantidad, calidad, distribución, acceso y gestión de los recursos hídricos. Esta área se encuentra sobre los 3000 metros por lo cual se la considera como un zona de altura lo cual hace difícil el acceso al recurso hídrico, por lo cual las actividades agrícolas dependen directamente del agua proveniente de las lluvias que se presentan en las épocas de precipitación, la presencia de paramo en la parte alta sobre los 3600 metros regula la disponibilidad de agua a lo largo del año por ende la sostenilidad productiva se encuentra relacionada directamente con la cantidad de agua que puede producir la cuenca.
Por lo anterior se generaron herramientas capaces de analizar el comportamiento de la cuenca bajo diferentes escenarios de cambio de uso de suelo que cuenten con un adecuado soporte científico, para así poder identificar áreas vulnerables en las cuales se evaluará la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico que puede existir bajo supuestos de cambio de la cobertura vegetal, el propósito de esta investigación es sentar las bases sobre las cuales emprender el desarrollo agrícola y pecuario del adecuado uso de los recursos hídricos disponibles y la generación de acciones dirigidas al incremento de la productividad agrícola y ganadera. Para llevar a cabo lo anterior se utilizará un modelo físicamente basado y semidistribuido, el cual será configurado y calibrado para la zona de estudio basándose en las investigaciones ya existentes, como resultado se espera conseguir un balance hídrico que sea preciso, que reproduzca de manera adecuada los procesos hidrológicos predominantes, capaz de modificar la respuesta hidrológica según las forzantes climáticas y de superficie de uso de suelo en diferentes escenarios. Los resultados obtenidos respecto a los impactos hidrológicos producidos en el escenario formulado de acuerdo al constante aumento en la superficie de cultivo entre los años 2000 y 2014, en la cuenca del Rio el Ángel con la aplicación del modelo semidistribuido SWAT calibrado y validado para las diferentes subcuencas, indican que existe vulnerabilidad ante la presión de incremento del área de cultivo y se puede evidenciar en términos de reducción de los caudales para satisfacer las demandas del recurso hídrico que puede estar asociada al incremento de la evapotranspiración, pérdida de capacidad de retención de agua por parte del suelo lo cual incide en la producción de los diferentes cultivos que se desarrolla en esta cuenca.
The availability and free access to water resources for the normal development of different anthropogenic activities through sustainable and sustainable, is the challenge that has been raised humanity, even more considering that in recent years the world population has doubled, has shown a high level of vulnerability of the population to the changes in climate and land use changes because such changes have a direct influence on the availability of water, therefore in food production and activity production in general. The study area is the Angel River basin is one of the most productive in the province of Carchi in Ecuador agricultural areas, productivity is severely limited by inadequate water management for irrigation which affects the amount, quality, distribution, access and management of water resources, this area is about 3000 meters so it is regarded as an area of height which makes it more difficult access to water resources on which agricultural activities depend water directly from the rains during times of precipitation, the presence of paramo in the upper 3600 meters on regulating water availability throughout the year therefore productive on Sustainability is directly related to the water amount can produce. It is for this that through the proposed methodology aims to create tools capable of analyzing the behavior of the basin under different scenarios of change in land use that have an adequate scientific support, in order to identify vulnerable areas in which it will assess the availability of water resources that may exist in cases of change of vegetation cover, the purpose of this investigation is to establish the basis on which to undertake agricultural and livestock development in the study area, allowing the proper use of available water resources and generating actions aimed at increasing agricultural and livestock productivity. To accomplish the above, used a physically based model and semi distributed, which will be configured and calibrated for the study area based on existing research, as a result is expected to achieve a water balance that is necessary to reproduce properly used prevailing, able to modify the hydrological response depending on weather and surface forcing land use in different scenarios hydrological processes. The results regarding the hydrologic impacts on stage formulated according to the steady increase in acreage between 2000 and 2014, in the basin of Rio Angel with the application of SWAT semi-distributed model calibrated and validated for different sub basins indicate that there is vulnerability to pressure from increased cultivation area and can show in terms of reduced flows to meet the demands of water resources that may be associated with increased evapotranspiration, loss of capacity for water retention by soil which affects the production of different crops that develops in this basin.
The availability and free access to water resources for the normal development of different anthropogenic activities through sustainable and sustainable, is the challenge that has been raised humanity, even more considering that in recent years the world population has doubled, has shown a high level of vulnerability of the population to the changes in climate and land use changes because such changes have a direct influence on the availability of water, therefore in food production and activity production in general. The study area is the Angel River basin is one of the most productive in the province of Carchi in Ecuador agricultural areas, productivity is severely limited by inadequate water management for irrigation which affects the amount, quality, distribution, access and management of water resources, this area is about 3000 meters so it is regarded as an area of height which makes it more difficult access to water resources on which agricultural activities depend water directly from the rains during times of precipitation, the presence of paramo in the upper 3600 meters on regulating water availability throughout the year therefore productive on Sustainability is directly related to the water amount can produce. It is for this that through the proposed methodology aims to create tools capable of analyzing the behavior of the basin under different scenarios of change in land use that have an adequate scientific support, in order to identify vulnerable areas in which it will assess the availability of water resources that may exist in cases of change of vegetation cover, the purpose of this investigation is to establish the basis on which to undertake agricultural and livestock development in the study area, allowing the proper use of available water resources and generating actions aimed at increasing agricultural and livestock productivity. To accomplish the above, used a physically based model and semi distributed, which will be configured and calibrated for the study area based on existing research, as a result is expected to achieve a water balance that is necessary to reproduce properly used prevailing, able to modify the hydrological response depending on weather and surface forcing land use in different scenarios hydrological processes. The results regarding the hydrologic impacts on stage formulated according to the steady increase in acreage between 2000 and 2014, in the basin of Rio Angel with the application of SWAT semi-distributed model calibrated and validated for different sub basins indicate that there is vulnerability to pressure from increased cultivation area and can show in terms of reduced flows to meet the demands of water resources that may be associated with increased evapotranspiration, loss of capacity for water retention by soil which affects the production of different crops that develops in this basin.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar el grado de Doctor en Ingeniería Agrícola con mención en Recursos Hídricos en la Agricultura
Keywords
Modelacion Hidrológica, Permeabilidad de Suelos, Paramos