Efectos biológicos evaluados en extractos metanólicos obtenidos desde hojas, estolones y raíces de Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N. E. Br.
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Date
2023
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N. E. Br. (Aizoaceae) corresponde a una planta invasora originaria de Sudáfrica, que presenta una alta capacidad de crecimiento en espacios abiertos y zonas cercanas al mar y adaptándose en hábitats costeros. La tolerancia al estrés ambiental provocado por crecer cerca de costas marinas está ampliamente relacionada con una alta producción de metabolitos secundarios con diversos efectos biológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de extractos metanólicos obtenidos a partir de hojas, raíces y estolones de C. edulis, provenientes de plantas que crecen en suelo de arena y en suelo de tierra, con el fin de comparar su potencial biológico. La actividad antioxidante fue evaluada mediante ensayos in vitro utilizando los radicales DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo) y ABTS (ácido 2,2'-azino-bis-(3- etilbenzotiazolina -6-sulfónico)), así como mediante un modelo in vivo basado en eritrocitos humanos. Además, se determinó el contenido de polifenoles totales mediante el método de Folin-Ciocalteu, expresados como equivalentes de ácido gálico, y el contenido de flavonoides totales, expresados como equivalentes de catequina. Asimismo, se realizó la identificación cualitativa de metabolitos secundarios. Finalmente, se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos frente a patógenos bacterianos y fúngicos. Los resultados fueron positivos para la actividad antioxidante de los extractos metanólicos de C. edulis. Sin embargo, al compararse los valores IC50 de los extractos de C. edulis de arena medidos mediante DPPH (HA = 0,13 y ERA = 0,56) y mediante ABTS (HA = 0,08 y ERA = 0,13), con los extractos de C. edulis de tierra medidos mediante DPPH (HT = 0,15 y ERT = 0,69) y mediante ABTS (HT = 0,09 y ERT = 0,15), se observaron menores valores para los extractos obtenidos desde C. edulis de arena. En cuanto al contenido de compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides, los extractos metanólicos de hojas provenientes de plantas en arena presentaron valores levemente superiores al obtener 259,1 ± 27,8 mg para polifenoles y 112,85 ± 6,9 mg para flavonoides, en comparación con aquellos provenientes de tierra con valores de 200,1 ± 20,8 mg para polifenoles y 96,9 ± 4,2 mg para flavonoides. El análisis fitoquímico cualitativo evidenció la presencia de diversos metabolitos secundarios, destacando principalmente compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides, además de la detección de saponinas. En el modelo de eritrocitos humanos, no se observó una actividad antioxidante significativa. Sin embargo, los extractos mostraron un efecto hemolítico bajo las condiciones evaluadas, lo que sugiere la posible presencia de compuestos con actividad citotóxica en este sistema biológico. Por otra parte, los extractos no mostraron actividad antimicrobiana frente a los microorganismos evaluados. En conjunto, los resultados indican que C. edulis posee compuestos con actividad antioxidante, con diferencia según el tipo de suelo.
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N. E. Br. (Aizoaceae) is an invasive plant native to South Africa, which has a high capacity for growth in open spaces and areas near the sea, and adaptability to coastal habitats. Tolerance to the environmental stress from growing in coastal areas is widely associated with a high production of secondary metabolites with various biological effects. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts obtained from leaves, roots, and stolons of C. edulis from plants growing in sandy soil and loamy soil, in order to compare their biological potential. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by in vitro assays using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals, as well as by an in vivo model based on human erythrocytes. In addition, the total polyphenol content was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents, and the total flavonoid content was determined and expressed as catechin equivalents. A qualitative identification of secondary metabolites was also performed. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The results were positive for the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of C. edulis. However, when comparing the IC₅₀ values of sand-grown C. edulis extracts measured by DPPH (HA = 0,13; REA = 0,56) and ABTS (HA = 0,08; REA = 0,13) with those of soil-grown C. edulis extracts measured by DPPH (HT = 0,15; RET = 0,69) and ABTS (leaf: HT = 0,09; root: RET = 0,15), lower values were observed for the extracts obtained from sand-grown C. edulis. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the methanolic leaf extracts from sand-grown plants exhibited slightly higher values, obtaining 259,1 ± 27,8 mg for polyphenols and 112,85 ± 6,9 mg for flavonoids, compared to those from soil-grown plants, which showed values of 200,1 ± 20,8 mg for polyphenols and 96,9 ± 4,2 mg for flavonoids. The qualitative phytochemical analysis evidenced the presence of various secondary metabolites, mainly phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as the detection of saponins. In the human erythrocyte model, no significant antioxidant activity was observed. However, the extracts showed a hemolytic effect under the evaluated conditions, suggesting the possible presence of compounds with cytotoxic activity in this biological system. Furthermore, the extracts did not show antimicrobial activity against the evaluated microorganisms. The results indicate that C. edulis possesses compounds with antioxidant activity, with differences according to soil type
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N. E. Br. (Aizoaceae) is an invasive plant native to South Africa, which has a high capacity for growth in open spaces and areas near the sea, and adaptability to coastal habitats. Tolerance to the environmental stress from growing in coastal areas is widely associated with a high production of secondary metabolites with various biological effects. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts obtained from leaves, roots, and stolons of C. edulis from plants growing in sandy soil and loamy soil, in order to compare their biological potential. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by in vitro assays using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals, as well as by an in vivo model based on human erythrocytes. In addition, the total polyphenol content was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents, and the total flavonoid content was determined and expressed as catechin equivalents. A qualitative identification of secondary metabolites was also performed. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The results were positive for the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of C. edulis. However, when comparing the IC₅₀ values of sand-grown C. edulis extracts measured by DPPH (HA = 0,13; REA = 0,56) and ABTS (HA = 0,08; REA = 0,13) with those of soil-grown C. edulis extracts measured by DPPH (HT = 0,15; RET = 0,69) and ABTS (leaf: HT = 0,09; root: RET = 0,15), lower values were observed for the extracts obtained from sand-grown C. edulis. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the methanolic leaf extracts from sand-grown plants exhibited slightly higher values, obtaining 259,1 ± 27,8 mg for polyphenols and 112,85 ± 6,9 mg for flavonoids, compared to those from soil-grown plants, which showed values of 200,1 ± 20,8 mg for polyphenols and 96,9 ± 4,2 mg for flavonoids. The qualitative phytochemical analysis evidenced the presence of various secondary metabolites, mainly phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as the detection of saponins. In the human erythrocyte model, no significant antioxidant activity was observed. However, the extracts showed a hemolytic effect under the evaluated conditions, suggesting the possible presence of compounds with cytotoxic activity in this biological system. Furthermore, the extracts did not show antimicrobial activity against the evaluated microorganisms. The results indicate that C. edulis possesses compounds with antioxidant activity, with differences according to soil type
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero en Biotecnología Vegetal.