¿Una Mariposa Sin Mal de Altura?: Ecología y Morfometría Alar de Vanessa Carye (Hüber 1812) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) A Distintos Gradientes Altitudinales en el Altiplano Chileno.
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Date
2022
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción.
Abstract
La migración es el movimiento de un lugar a otro en la búsqueda de condiciones más favorables. Las alas de los animales migratorios voladores son el rasgo principal involucrado en el movimiento y su forma ha sido documentada entre especies migratorias y no migratorias. La mariposa de la tarde, Vannesa carye (Hüber 1812) que presenta una extensa distribución en América del Sur, ha sido observada volando en el Altiplano chileno desde la costa hasta las montañas, desde los 0 a los 5200 msnm. Sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre las adaptaciones de V. carye a los gradientes altitudinales, por lo que el amplio rango latitudinal y altitudinal junto con las diferentes condiciones climáticas hacen a esta especie un sujeto interesante para estudios migratorios y adaptativos. La presente tesis determinó la diversidad genética y estructuración poblacional de esta especie usando el marcador molecular COI en los diferentes rangos altitudinales de V. carye en el Altiplano Chileno y en el Desierto de Atacama. Se usó morfometría geométrica para determinar la presencia de morfotipos de la forma alar asociados a la altitud y geografía, para esto se utilizaron 16 landmarks en el ala anterior y 15 en el ala posterior. Los principales resultados de la presente tesis indican que la baja variabilidad de la forma alar (diferencias sutiles) junto con la baja estructuración genética son indicios de un posible comportamiento migratorio para esta especie y se proponen dos posibles rutas migratorias. Este es el primer trabajo que use morfometría geométrica para evaluar la forma alar
de una mariposa nominalmente migratoria, sin embargo, estudios complementarios hacen falta para confirmar el comportamiento migratorio de esta especie.
Migration is the movement from a place to other in searching for more favorable conditions. Wings of flying migratory animals are the principal trait involved in movement, and their shape has been documented to change between migratory and non-migratory species. The Western Painted Lady butterfly, Vanessa carye (Hüber, 1812), in addition to presenting an extensive distribution in South America, has been observed flying in the Chilean Altiplano from the coast to the highlands, from 0 to 5200 masl. However, little is known about the adaptations of V. carye to elevational gradients, so the V. carye’s wide latitudinal and altitudinal range coupled with the different climatic conditions make this species an interesting subject for migration and adaptation studies. In this thesis the genetic diversity and population structure of this species were determinate by using COI molecular marker at different elevational ranges in the Chilean Altiplano and Atacama Desert. To determinate the presence of morphotypes of wing shape associated with altitude and geography geometric morphometric was used, 16 landmarks for forewing and 15 for hindwing were used. The main results of this thesis indicate low wing shape variability (subtle differences) with low genetic structure are signs of a probable migratory behavior for this species and two possible migratory routes are proposed. This is the first research that uses geometric morphometry to evaluate the wing shape of a nominal migratory butterfly, however, complementary studies are needed to confirm the migratory behavior of this specie.
Migration is the movement from a place to other in searching for more favorable conditions. Wings of flying migratory animals are the principal trait involved in movement, and their shape has been documented to change between migratory and non-migratory species. The Western Painted Lady butterfly, Vanessa carye (Hüber, 1812), in addition to presenting an extensive distribution in South America, has been observed flying in the Chilean Altiplano from the coast to the highlands, from 0 to 5200 masl. However, little is known about the adaptations of V. carye to elevational gradients, so the V. carye’s wide latitudinal and altitudinal range coupled with the different climatic conditions make this species an interesting subject for migration and adaptation studies. In this thesis the genetic diversity and population structure of this species were determinate by using COI molecular marker at different elevational ranges in the Chilean Altiplano and Atacama Desert. To determinate the presence of morphotypes of wing shape associated with altitude and geography geometric morphometric was used, 16 landmarks for forewing and 15 for hindwing were used. The main results of this thesis indicate low wing shape variability (subtle differences) with low genetic structure are signs of a probable migratory behavior for this species and two possible migratory routes are proposed. This is the first research that uses geometric morphometry to evaluate the wing shape of a nominal migratory butterfly, however, complementary studies are needed to confirm the migratory behavior of this specie.
Description
Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias Mención Zoología.
Keywords
Lepidópteros, Morfometría geométrica