Co-cultivo fúngico de especies de Morchella y Umbelopsis para la generación de fitohormonas promotoras del crecimiento vegetal.
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Date
2025
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Los hongos promotores de crecimiento vegetal son microorganismos que habitan en la rizosfera y son reconocidos por su capacidad para mejorar tanto los mecanismos de defensa de las plantas como su crecimiento general. Entre estos hongos, se encuentra el género Umbelopsis, que se destaca por su habilidad para promover la salud vegetal a través de la producción de metabolitos secundarios los cuales no solo favorecen el crecimiento de las plantas, sino que también aumentan su resistencia frente a estrés bióticos y abióticos. Otro género relevante es Morchella, conocido por su valor nutricional y medicinal. Además de sus propiedades alimenticias, los hongos del género Morchella también han demostrado un notable potencial en la promoción del crecimiento vegetal. Este efecto positivo se lleva a cabo mediante la secreción de fitohormonas, como auxinas y giberelinas, que son esenciales en procesos fisiológicos clave como la germinación, elongación y maduración de las plantas. En este estudio se evaluó la interacción entre dos especies de hongos utilizando la técnica de co-cultivo fúngico. El objetivo fue potenciar la producción fitohormonas y fomentar la interacción entre los hongos para incrementar la producción de fitohormonas en comparación con un monocultivo tradicional. Posteriormente, estas fitohormonas se aplicaron a plantas de Solanum lycopersicum en diferentes etapas y condiciones de crecimiento, y se compararon a uso de hormonas comerciales. Los resultados obtenidos fueron variados. No todos los co-cultivos fúngicos mostraron un aumento significativo en la producción de auxinas en comparación con el monocultivo; sin embargo, se observó un incremento notable en la producción de giberelinas mediante esta técnica, alcanzando hasta (70 µg/mL) en el co-cultivo de Morchella importuna y Morchella tridentina. Los bioensayos realizados revelaron que, durante la etapa de germinación, el uso de extractos provenientes de co-cultivos fúngicos puede acelerar el crecimiento de los cotiledones en condiciones in vitro. Asimismo, las pruebas en plantas cultivadas en invernadero demostraron que el desarrollo morfológico alcanzado era comparable al de aquellas tratadas con hormonas comerciales, tanto en el crecimiento aéreo como radicular, destacándose especialmente los resultados obtenidos con el co cultivo de Morchella. Estos hallazgos respaldan el potencial de los hongos con capacidad promotora del crecimiento vegetal como una alternativa innovadora y sostenible para la agricultura moderna.
Plant growth promoting fungi are microorganisms that inhabit the rhizosphere and are recognized for their ability to enhance both plant defense mechanisms and overall plant growth. Among these fungi is the genus Umbelopsis, which stands out for its ability to promote plant health through the production of secondary metabolites that not only favor plant growth, but also increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Another relevant genus is Morchella, known for its nutritional and medicinal value. In addition to their nutritional properties, fungi of the genus Morchella have also demonstrated a remarkable potential in promoting plant growth. This positive effect is carried out through the secretion of phytohormones, such as auxins and gibberellins, which are essential in key physiological processes such as plant germination, elongation and maturation. In this study, the interaction between two fungal species was evaluated using the fungal co-culture technique. The objective was to enhance phytohormone production and promote interaction between fungi to increase phytohormone production compared to a traditional monoculture. Subsequently, these phytohormones were applied to Solanum lycopersicum plants at different growth stages and conditions, and compared to the use of commercial hormones. The results obtained were varied. Not all fungal co cultures showed a significant increase in auxin production compared to monoculture; however, a remarkable increase in gibberellin production was observed using this technique, reaching up to (70 µg/mL) in the co-culture of Morchella importuna and Morchella tridentina. The bioassays performed revealed that, during the germination stage, the use of extracts from fungal co-cultures can accelerate the growth of cotyledons under in vitro conditions and in greenhouse plants showed that the morphological development achieved was comparable to that of plants treated with commercial hormones in relation to their aerial and root development, especially highlighting the results obtained with the co-culture of Morchella. These results affirm the promising potential of plant growth promoting fungi as an innovative and sustainable alternative to improve modern agriculture.
Plant growth promoting fungi are microorganisms that inhabit the rhizosphere and are recognized for their ability to enhance both plant defense mechanisms and overall plant growth. Among these fungi is the genus Umbelopsis, which stands out for its ability to promote plant health through the production of secondary metabolites that not only favor plant growth, but also increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Another relevant genus is Morchella, known for its nutritional and medicinal value. In addition to their nutritional properties, fungi of the genus Morchella have also demonstrated a remarkable potential in promoting plant growth. This positive effect is carried out through the secretion of phytohormones, such as auxins and gibberellins, which are essential in key physiological processes such as plant germination, elongation and maturation. In this study, the interaction between two fungal species was evaluated using the fungal co-culture technique. The objective was to enhance phytohormone production and promote interaction between fungi to increase phytohormone production compared to a traditional monoculture. Subsequently, these phytohormones were applied to Solanum lycopersicum plants at different growth stages and conditions, and compared to the use of commercial hormones. The results obtained were varied. Not all fungal co cultures showed a significant increase in auxin production compared to monoculture; however, a remarkable increase in gibberellin production was observed using this technique, reaching up to (70 µg/mL) in the co-culture of Morchella importuna and Morchella tridentina. The bioassays performed revealed that, during the germination stage, the use of extracts from fungal co-cultures can accelerate the growth of cotyledons under in vitro conditions and in greenhouse plants showed that the morphological development achieved was comparable to that of plants treated with commercial hormones in relation to their aerial and root development, especially highlighting the results obtained with the co-culture of Morchella. These results affirm the promising potential of plant growth promoting fungi as an innovative and sustainable alternative to improve modern agriculture.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero en Biotecnología Vegetal
Keywords
Innovación, Sustentabilidad