Manejo de rastrojos como alternativa productiva sustentable y sus impactos en la calidad química de un andisol: estudio de caso
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Date
2024
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La quema de los rastrojos es una práctica cuestionada debido a que existe evidencia de que contribuyen a la contaminación atmosférica y degradación del suelo, que al quedar desprotegido sufre la acción erosiva de las lluvias, disminuyendo la materia orgánica del suelo o MOS, por lo que es imprescindible buscar alternativas de manejo. En el presente ensayo se evaluaron dos tratamientos de manejo de rastrojo: siembra de avena en presencia de rastrojo de caña de trigo (TPP), y siembra de trigo sobre rastrojo de trigo picado e incorporado en el suelo (TPI) (7 t ha-1 de rastrojo) a las profundidades 0 - 10, 10 - 20 y 20 - 30 cm. Los parámetros químicos evaluados, presentaron respuestas significas (P ≤ 0,05) en algunos iones evaluados: el tratamiento TPP mostró mayores valores para los iones fósforo (P+) en 0 – 20 cm, potasio (K+) y calcio (Ca2+) incrementaron en 0 - 10, en la cual el amonio (NH4+) resultó en mayor concentración para el TPI. Ambos tratamientos presentaron similar índice de calidad de suelo (ICQS): en la profundidad 0 - 10 fue 9 en TPP y 8 en TPI (calidad media), en la profundidad 10 – 20 fue de 2 en TPP y 7 en TPI, mientras que en 20 – 30 fue 1 en TPP y 4 en TPI. Esto resultados indican que el tiempo del manejo rastrojo tanto a la manera TPP o TPI, no es suficiente para alcanzar una calidad buena del suelo, y posiblemente se debe combinar con métodos de fertilización tradicional y/o manejo de una biofertilización de mejor calidad.
Stubble burning is a questioned practice because there is evidence that it contributes to air pollution and soil degradation, which when left unprotected suffers the erosive action of rain, decreasing soil organic matter or SOM, so it is essential to find management alternatives. In the present trial, two stubble management treatments were evaluated: sowing of oats in the presence of wheat cane stubble (TPP), and sowing of wheat on chopped wheat stubble incorporated into the soil (TPI) (7 t ha-1 of stubble) at depths of 0 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 30 cm. The chemical parameters evaluated showed significant responses (P ≤ 0.05) in some ions evaluated: the TPP treatment showed higher values for phosphorus (P+) ions in 0 - 20 cm, potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) increased in 0 - 10, in which ammonium (NH4+) resulted in higher concentration for the TPI. Both treatments presented similar soil quality index (SQI): in depth 0 - 10 it was 9 in TPP and 8 in TPI (medium quality), in depth 10 - 20 it was 2 in TPP and 7 in TPI, while in 20 - 30 it was 1 in TPP and 4 in TPI. These results indicate that the time of stubble management either by TPP or TPI is not enough to achieve good soil quality, and possibly should be combined with traditional fertilization methods and/or better quality biofertilization management.
Stubble burning is a questioned practice because there is evidence that it contributes to air pollution and soil degradation, which when left unprotected suffers the erosive action of rain, decreasing soil organic matter or SOM, so it is essential to find management alternatives. In the present trial, two stubble management treatments were evaluated: sowing of oats in the presence of wheat cane stubble (TPP), and sowing of wheat on chopped wheat stubble incorporated into the soil (TPI) (7 t ha-1 of stubble) at depths of 0 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 30 cm. The chemical parameters evaluated showed significant responses (P ≤ 0.05) in some ions evaluated: the TPP treatment showed higher values for phosphorus (P+) ions in 0 - 20 cm, potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) increased in 0 - 10, in which ammonium (NH4+) resulted in higher concentration for the TPI. Both treatments presented similar soil quality index (SQI): in depth 0 - 10 it was 9 in TPP and 8 in TPI (medium quality), in depth 10 - 20 it was 2 in TPP and 7 in TPI, while in 20 - 30 it was 1 in TPP and 4 in TPI. These results indicate that the time of stubble management either by TPP or TPI is not enough to achieve good soil quality, and possibly should be combined with traditional fertilization methods and/or better quality biofertilization management.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo
Keywords
Rastrojo, Agricultura sustentable - Chile, Paja de trigo