Efectos de efluentes tratados de la industria papelera y destilería de alcohol en los parámetros químicos del suelo agrícola.
Date
2024
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Abstract
En los últimos años se ha estado incorporando el uso de aguas residuales proveniente de efluentes industriales en los suelos agrícolas. Considerando que en Chile los principales efluentes industriales son de papeleras y destilerías de alcohol, el objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es analizar estudios del efecto de efluentes tratadas de la industria papelera y destilería de alcohol sobre las propiedades químicas de suelos agrícolas y el cumplimiento de normativas nacionales e internacionales. Considerando la normativa internacional de la FAO (1994) y la normativa nacional NCh 1333, los estudios de caracterización de efluentes de papelera y destilería de alcohol muestran que con los tratamientos que se les hacen a estas aguas residuales actualmente, incluso aplicados en dosis bajas, no logran cumplir con los límites establecidos por estas normativas. Específicamente, los principales parámetros que están fuera de norma son: solidos disueltos totales, conductividad eléctrica, ion cloruro, ion bicarbonato, ion sulfato, Mn, Cd y Cr.
Los estudios de aplicación de los efluentes industriales muestran un aumento en parámetros químicos del suelo como, conductividad eléctrica, pH y el contenido de Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, ion sulfato, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn y Cr, llegando a alcanzar niveles de tóxicos para el suelo, la planta y los alimentos producidos.
In recent years, the use of wastewater from industrial effluents in agricultural soils has been incorporated. Considering that in Chile the main industrial effluents are from paper mills and alcohol distilleries, the objective of this bibliographic review is to analyze studies of the effect of treated effluents of the paper industry and alcohol distillery on the chemical properties of agricultural soils and compliance with regulations. National and international. Considering the international regulations of the FAO (1994) and the national regulations NCh 1333, the characterization studies of paper mill and alcohol distillery effluents show that with the treatments currently carried out on these wastewaters, even applied in low doses, they fail to comply with the limits established by these regulations. Specifically, the main parameters that are out of standard are: total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, chloride ion, bicarbonate ion, sulfate ion, Mn, Cd and Cr. Application studies of industrial effluents show an increase in soil chemical parameters such as electrical conductivity, pH and the content of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, sulfate ion, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn and Cr, reaching toxic levels for the soil, the plant and the food produced.
In recent years, the use of wastewater from industrial effluents in agricultural soils has been incorporated. Considering that in Chile the main industrial effluents are from paper mills and alcohol distilleries, the objective of this bibliographic review is to analyze studies of the effect of treated effluents of the paper industry and alcohol distillery on the chemical properties of agricultural soils and compliance with regulations. National and international. Considering the international regulations of the FAO (1994) and the national regulations NCh 1333, the characterization studies of paper mill and alcohol distillery effluents show that with the treatments currently carried out on these wastewaters, even applied in low doses, they fail to comply with the limits established by these regulations. Specifically, the main parameters that are out of standard are: total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, chloride ion, bicarbonate ion, sulfate ion, Mn, Cd and Cr. Application studies of industrial effluents show an increase in soil chemical parameters such as electrical conductivity, pH and the content of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, sulfate ion, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn and Cr, reaching toxic levels for the soil, the plant and the food produced.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Agrónomo/a.
Keywords
Aguas servidas, Análisis de suelos, Química de suelos