Brecha salarial en adultos mayores: evidencia para Chile.
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Date
2025
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El objetivo de esta memoria de título es estimar la brecha salarial de género para adultos mayores en Chile con datos de la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN) para el año 2022. El estudio se centra en dos muestras principales; mayores de 50 años y mayores de la edad legal de jubilación. A su vez, se crean submuestras de pre-jubilación, post-jubilación y edad avanzada. La metodología consiste en aplicar regresiones lineales múltiples para estimar el salario logarítmico, y luego realizar una descomposición de Blinder-Oaxaca para determinar que parte de la brecha se explica por características observables. En paralelo, se realiza una descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca por cuantiles, para determinar la brecha explicada y no explicada en cada punto de la distribución salarial.
Los resultados de las distintas metodologías revelan que, en la totalidad de estimaciones con significancia estadística, las mujeres reciben un salario menor que el de los hombres. El modelo de Mincer muestra que para mayores de 50 años, la brecha salarial es de 9,8%, que se reduce a 6,8% al analizar solo mayores de la edad de jubilación. Los resultados de la descomposición revelan que la parte no explicada contribuye significativamente a la brecha salarial, e incrementa en más de 10 puntos porcentuales al llegar la edad de jubilación, demostrando que, aunque la brecha disminuye, la discriminación aumenta con la edad. Por el contrario, la parte explicada de la brecha es baja, e incluso llega a ser negativa, lo que afirma que las mujeres activas en el mercado laboral poseen mejores características observables que los hombres, pero aún así, esa ventaja no se traduce equitativamente en salarios. El análisis muestra que las mujeres adultas mayores poseen, en promedio, un mayor nivel educativo que los hombres, lo que contribuye a cerrar la parte explicada de la brecha. Por el contrario, el hecho de que una gran proporción de mujeres activas laboralmente se encuentre soltera, y que hombres predominen en grandes industrias contribuye a ampliar la brecha explicada. Finalmente, con la descomposición Blinder Oaxaca por cuantiles se encuentra que, si bien la brecha es diferente en cada punto de la distribución salarial, no hay evidencia robusta de la presencia de “piso pegajoso” o “techo de cristal”.
Estos hallazgos destacan las desigualdades salariales que enfrenta el mercado laboral del país, y por supuesto, la necesidad de políticas específicas en adultos mayores con el objetivo de combatir la discriminación contra las mujeres, especialmente en la vejez.
The objective of this thesis is to estimate the gender salary gap for elderly adults in Chile using data from the 2022 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN). The study focuses on two main samples: individuals over 50 years old and those above the legal retirement age. In addition, subsamples were created for pre-retirement, post-retirement, and advanced age groups. The methodology requires to apply multiple linear regressions to estimate the logarithmic salary and then conduct a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique to determine which part of the salary gap can be explained by observable characteristics. In parallel, a quantile Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition is also performed to investigate the explained and unexplained components of the gap in each point of the salary distribution. The results of the different methodologies reveal that, in all statistically significant estimations, the women earn lower salaries than the ones men receive. The Mincer model shows that for people over the age of 50, the salary gap is 9.8%, which decreases to 6.8% when analyzing only those above the legal retirement age. The decomposition results indicate that the unexplained component contributes significantly to the salary gap and increases by more than 10 percental points when reaching retirement age. This suggests that although the overall salary gap decreases, discrimination increases with age. In contrast, the explained component of the gap is low, and in some cases even negative, indicating that women active in the labor market possess better observable characteristics than men. However, this advantage is not reflected equitably in their salary. The analysis points out that elderly adult women, on average, have a higher educational level than men, which helps to reduce the explained part of the salary gap. On the contrary, the fact that a large proportion of working women are single and that men dominate large industries contributes to keep widening the gap explained. Finally, with the use of quantile Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method it is shown that, although the gap is different in each point of the salary distribution, there is no strong evidence of the presence of “sticky floor” or “glass ceiling”. These findings highlight the salaries inequalities present in the country’s labor market and, definitely, the need for specific policies for elderly adults aimed at combating the discrimination against women, especially in old age
The objective of this thesis is to estimate the gender salary gap for elderly adults in Chile using data from the 2022 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN). The study focuses on two main samples: individuals over 50 years old and those above the legal retirement age. In addition, subsamples were created for pre-retirement, post-retirement, and advanced age groups. The methodology requires to apply multiple linear regressions to estimate the logarithmic salary and then conduct a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique to determine which part of the salary gap can be explained by observable characteristics. In parallel, a quantile Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition is also performed to investigate the explained and unexplained components of the gap in each point of the salary distribution. The results of the different methodologies reveal that, in all statistically significant estimations, the women earn lower salaries than the ones men receive. The Mincer model shows that for people over the age of 50, the salary gap is 9.8%, which decreases to 6.8% when analyzing only those above the legal retirement age. The decomposition results indicate that the unexplained component contributes significantly to the salary gap and increases by more than 10 percental points when reaching retirement age. This suggests that although the overall salary gap decreases, discrimination increases with age. In contrast, the explained component of the gap is low, and in some cases even negative, indicating that women active in the labor market possess better observable characteristics than men. However, this advantage is not reflected equitably in their salary. The analysis points out that elderly adult women, on average, have a higher educational level than men, which helps to reduce the explained part of the salary gap. On the contrary, the fact that a large proportion of working women are single and that men dominate large industries contributes to keep widening the gap explained. Finally, with the use of quantile Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method it is shown that, although the gap is different in each point of the salary distribution, there is no strong evidence of the presence of “sticky floor” or “glass ceiling”. These findings highlight the salaries inequalities present in the country’s labor market and, definitely, the need for specific policies for elderly adults aimed at combating the discrimination against women, especially in old age
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a en Civil Industrial.
Keywords
Salarios, Ancianos, Jubilación