Determinación de perfiles de demanda de energía térmica y energía eléctrica de viviendas y edificios bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas.
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Date
2026
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La demanda energética del sector residencial ha ido en aumento con el paso de los años convirtiéndose en una preocupación desde el punto de vista político, económico y científico, bajo este contexto surgen distintas alternativas para mejorar la eficiencia energética de los hogares desde medidas de aislación hasta equipos generadores, en cualquier caso, para la comparación o instalación de estos sistemas es necesario conocer la demanda a satisfacer, la que varía según el tipo de vivienda y de los materiales que la componen.
En esta investigación se estudian los perfiles de consumo energético (térmico y eléctrico) de distintas tipologías de vivienda según nivel socioeconómico y, en el caso de edificios, considerando para estos su ubicación y la orientación de los departamentos que lo componen.
Se definen en primer lugar las características físicas de las viviendas y los materiales y tecnologías de aislación térmica involucradas en ellas, asociando estas según nivel socioeconómico, luego, se plantean los perfiles de ocupación, iluminación, calefacción y de consumo de agua caliente sanitaria (ACS) y eléctrica. Para los departamentos se analiza su comportamiento bajo un único material de aislación térmica.
Luego, los modelos son simulados utilizando el software TRNSYS y condiciones climáticas para las zonas de Concepción, Santiago y Valparaíso generados por el software Meteonorm.
Para el consumo térmico por ACS se realiza el cálculo mediante perfiles de consumo y valores referenciales de manuales técnicos. Para el consumo de equipos eléctricos se utilizan datos provenientes de encuestas a nivel nacional y perfiles de consumo encontrados en la literatura.
Los resultados indican que, si bien la demanda térmica se ve afectada por el nivel de aislación para soluciones dentro de las propuestas en la normativa vigente la variación de consumo se mueve dentro de un rango acotado, así, para las viviendas, desde las tipologías C1 hasta E, los consumos por calefacción y consumo de agua caliente sanitaria son de 95.96, 118.12, 97.85, 100.27 y 100.42 [kWh/m2] para Concepción, 54.33, 55.79, 56.42, 59.03 y 59.84 [kWh/m2] para Santiago y 34.00, 35.38, 36.21, 38.28 y 38.85 [kWh/m2] para Valparaíso. En cuanto a los departamentos se demuestra que las orientaciones Sur y Este lideran el consumo térmico respecto al resto de ubicaciones.
Los valores obtenidos desde esta investigación tienen el potencial de convertirse en datos de entrada para estudios futuros sobre tecnologías de eficiencia energética entregando perfiles de demanda energética aplicables en escenarios similares a los presentados.
Building energy demand has been increasing over the years, becoming a concern from political, economic and scientific perspectives. Consequently, various alternatives have emerged to improve the energy efficiency of homes including insulation measures and power generation equipment. However, in order to compare or install these systems, it is necessary to know the energy demand to be met, which varies depending on the type of home and the materials used in its construction. This study examines the energy consumption profiles (thermal and electrical) for different types of housing, according to socioeconomic status, and for buildings, taking into account their location and the orientation of the apartments within them. First, the physical characteristics of the dwellings and the thermal insulation materials and technologies used in them are defined, and these are categorized by socioeconomic status. Next, the occupancy, lighting, heating, and consumption of domestic hot water (DHW) and electricity patterns are examined. For apartments, their performance is analyzed using a single type of thermal insulation material. The models are then simulated using TRNSYS software and climate conditions for the Concepción, Santiago and Valparaíso areas are generated by Meteonorm software. For thermal consumption related to hot water supply, calculations are based on consumption profiles and reference values from technical manuals. For the consumption of electrical appliances, data from nationwide surveys and consumption profiles found in the literature are used. The results indicate that, although heating demand is affected by the level of insulation, for homes that comply the parameters set by current regulations, the variation in consumption remains within a limited range;thus, for residential units, from types C1 through E, consumption for heating and domestic hot water use are 95.96, 118.12, 97.85, 100.27 y 100.42 [kWh/m2] for Concepción, 54.33, 55.79, 56.42, 59.03 y 59.84 [kWh/m2] for Santiago and 34.00, 35.38, 36.21, 38.28 y 38.85 [kWh/m2] for Valparaíso. Regarding to apartments, the data shows that South and East facing units have the highest heating consumption compared to other orientations. The results obtained from this research have the potential to serve as input data for future studies on energy-efficient technologies, providing energy demand profiles aplicable to scenarios similar to those presented.
Building energy demand has been increasing over the years, becoming a concern from political, economic and scientific perspectives. Consequently, various alternatives have emerged to improve the energy efficiency of homes including insulation measures and power generation equipment. However, in order to compare or install these systems, it is necessary to know the energy demand to be met, which varies depending on the type of home and the materials used in its construction. This study examines the energy consumption profiles (thermal and electrical) for different types of housing, according to socioeconomic status, and for buildings, taking into account their location and the orientation of the apartments within them. First, the physical characteristics of the dwellings and the thermal insulation materials and technologies used in them are defined, and these are categorized by socioeconomic status. Next, the occupancy, lighting, heating, and consumption of domestic hot water (DHW) and electricity patterns are examined. For apartments, their performance is analyzed using a single type of thermal insulation material. The models are then simulated using TRNSYS software and climate conditions for the Concepción, Santiago and Valparaíso areas are generated by Meteonorm software. For thermal consumption related to hot water supply, calculations are based on consumption profiles and reference values from technical manuals. For the consumption of electrical appliances, data from nationwide surveys and consumption profiles found in the literature are used. The results indicate that, although heating demand is affected by the level of insulation, for homes that comply the parameters set by current regulations, the variation in consumption remains within a limited range;thus, for residential units, from types C1 through E, consumption for heating and domestic hot water use are 95.96, 118.12, 97.85, 100.27 y 100.42 [kWh/m2] for Concepción, 54.33, 55.79, 56.42, 59.03 y 59.84 [kWh/m2] for Santiago and 34.00, 35.38, 36.21, 38.28 y 38.85 [kWh/m2] for Valparaíso. Regarding to apartments, the data shows that South and East facing units have the highest heating consumption compared to other orientations. The results obtained from this research have the potential to serve as input data for future studies on energy-efficient technologies, providing energy demand profiles aplicable to scenarios similar to those presented.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Civil Mecánico/a.
Keywords
Consumo de energía, Calefacción, Energía eléctrica, Eficiencia térmica, Vivienda, Edificios