Evaluación de la concentración de elementos traza en enmiendas orgánicas para suelos comercializadas en Chillán
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Date
2026
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La creciente comercialización de enmiendas orgánicas en la agricultura chilena, especialmente en Chillán, ha generado la necesidad de evaluar su calidad química y su impacto ambiental. Se planteó que estas presentan alta variabilidad fisicoquímica y en metales. El objetivo fue evaluar estos parámetros y compararlos con la norma NCh 2880. Se analizaron pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), materia orgánica (MO), carbono orgánico y humedad, junto con cuantificación multielemental por espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-OES). El 90% de las muestras cumplió con el pH normativo, aunque el 60% presentó alta salinidad, destacando M7 (7,47 dS/m). Todas superaron el 20% de MO, con M8 alcanzando 54,7%. Cadmio (Cd), Cromo (Cr), Níquel (Ni) y Plomo (Pb) estuvieron bajo límites de Clase A, mientras Cobre (Cu) y Zinc (Zn) mostraron mayor variabilidad clasificándose como Clase B. El análisis de componentes principales (PCA) explicó el 86,4% de la variabilidad, diferenciando productos según carga metálica. Se concluye que existe alta heterogeneidad composicional, reforzando la necesidad de monitoreo y cumplimiento de la Ley 21.349 para asegurar la inocuidad química.
The increasing commercialization of organic amendments in Chilean agriculture, particularly in Chillán, has created the need to evaluate their chemical quality and environmental impact. It was hypothesized that these materials exhibit high physicochemical and metal-related variability. The objective was to assess these parameters and compare them with the Chilean standard NCh 2880. Key properties analyzed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), organic carbon, and moisture content, along with multielemental quantification using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results showed that 90% of the samples met the regulatory pH range; however, 60% exhibited high salinity, with sample M7 reaching 7.47 dS/m. All samples exceeded the minimum OM requirement of 20%, with M8 attaining 54.7%. Trace elements Cadmium (Cd), Chrome (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb) were below Class A limits, whereas Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) showed greater variability, classifying several samples as Class B. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 86.4% of the total variance, allowing differentiation of products based on their metal load. It is concluded that there is substantial compositional heterogeneity among commercially available amendments, highlighting the need for individual monitoring and compliance with Law 21,349 to ensure chemical safety.
The increasing commercialization of organic amendments in Chilean agriculture, particularly in Chillán, has created the need to evaluate their chemical quality and environmental impact. It was hypothesized that these materials exhibit high physicochemical and metal-related variability. The objective was to assess these parameters and compare them with the Chilean standard NCh 2880. Key properties analyzed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), organic carbon, and moisture content, along with multielemental quantification using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results showed that 90% of the samples met the regulatory pH range; however, 60% exhibited high salinity, with sample M7 reaching 7.47 dS/m. All samples exceeded the minimum OM requirement of 20%, with M8 attaining 54.7%. Trace elements Cadmium (Cd), Chrome (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb) were below Class A limits, whereas Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) showed greater variability, classifying several samples as Class B. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 86.4% of the total variance, allowing differentiation of products based on their metal load. It is concluded that there is substantial compositional heterogeneity among commercially available amendments, highlighting the need for individual monitoring and compliance with Law 21,349 to ensure chemical safety.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo
Keywords
Metales pesados, Compost, Abono agrícola