Plantas parásitas de interés agronómico en Chile.
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Date
2024
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Dentro de la gran diversidad de plantas vasculares existe un grupo que obtiene energía a partir del parasitismo. Para completar su ciclo de vida las plantas parásitas son capaces de absorber agua, nutrientes y macromoléculas orgánicas por medio de un órgano especializado denominado haustorio, este permite conectarse al sistema vascular de las plantas huéspedes. Hay diversas categorías de plantas parásitas, se define a las hemiparásitas como aquellas que presentan actividad fotosintética y pueden ser parásitas obligadas o facultativas. De forma paralela, las holoparásitas no realizan fotosíntesis siendo parásitos obligados. También, se categorizan como parásitos subterráneos o aéreos. En Chile se registran cinco especies de plantas parásitas de interés agronómico; dos especies de Cuscuta spp. siendo holoparásitas aéreas. Phelipanche ramosa y Orobanche minor son holoparásitas subterráneas. Tristerix corymbosus es una hemiparásita obligada aérea. Cada una presenta características particulares, son capaces de provocar pérdidas productivas y económicas significativas para la agricultura. Existen estrategias de control como medidas preventivas y curativas, se concluye que es altamente complejo erradicarlas y requieren manejo integrado de malezas. Por último, presentan valor etnobotánico según potenciales propiedades medicinales.
Within the great diversity of vascular plants there is a group that obtains its food from parasitism. To complete their life cycle, parasitic plants are able to absorb water, nutrients and organic macromolecules through a specialized structure called haustorium, which connects to the vascular system of the host plants. There are several categories of parasitic plants, hemiparasites are defined as those that present photosynthetic activity and can be obligate or facultative parasites. In parallel, holoparasites do not photosynthesize and are obligate parasites. They are also categorized as subterranean or aerial parasites. Five species of parasitic plants of agronomic interest have been recorded in Chile; two species of Cuscuta spp. are aerial holoparasites. Phelipanche ramosa and Orobanche minor are subterranean holoparasites. Tristerix corymbosus is an obligate aerial hemiparasite. Each one has particular characteristics, capable of causing significant productive and economic losses for agriculture. Despite the existence of control strategies such as preventive and curative measures, it is concluded that it is highly complex to eradicate them and they require integrated weed management. Finally, each species has ethnobotanical value according to its medicinal properties.
Within the great diversity of vascular plants there is a group that obtains its food from parasitism. To complete their life cycle, parasitic plants are able to absorb water, nutrients and organic macromolecules through a specialized structure called haustorium, which connects to the vascular system of the host plants. There are several categories of parasitic plants, hemiparasites are defined as those that present photosynthetic activity and can be obligate or facultative parasites. In parallel, holoparasites do not photosynthesize and are obligate parasites. They are also categorized as subterranean or aerial parasites. Five species of parasitic plants of agronomic interest have been recorded in Chile; two species of Cuscuta spp. are aerial holoparasites. Phelipanche ramosa and Orobanche minor are subterranean holoparasites. Tristerix corymbosus is an obligate aerial hemiparasite. Each one has particular characteristics, capable of causing significant productive and economic losses for agriculture. Despite the existence of control strategies such as preventive and curative measures, it is concluded that it is highly complex to eradicate them and they require integrated weed management. Finally, each species has ethnobotanical value according to its medicinal properties.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo
Keywords
Cuscuta, Orobanche, Plantas