Evaluación probiótica de bacterias lácticas aisladas de la Antártica como una alternativa sustentable para la producción avícola.
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Date
2025
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El crecimiento sostenido de la producción avícola plantea tanto desafíos ambientales como de salud pública, especialmente dadas las restricciones al uso intensivo de compuestos sintéticos como los antibióticos. Al respecto, los probióticos basados en bacterias lácticas surgen como una alternativa para promover el rendimiento animal sin comprometer al medioambiente, siendo la viabilidad de las cepas uno de los principales problemas para asegurar su efecto a lo largo del ciclo productivo. En este sentido, en la Antártica se han adaptado microorganismos capaces de sobrevivir bajo condiciones climáticas extremas, convirtiéndolos en una fuente de interés investigativo debido a sus potenciales aptitudes biotecnológicas. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto probiótico de bacterias lácticas antárticas como una alternativa sustentable en sistemas de producción avícola. Ocho cepas fueron caracterizadas in vitro en términos de su tolerancia a pH ácido y sales biliares, hidrofobicidad, formación de biopelículas, inocuidad y su actividad antagonista frente a patógenos de interés para la industria avícola como Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica y Staphylococcus aureus. Posteriormente, dos cepas fueron seleccionadas para determinar su efecto in vivo en gallinas ponedoras Hy-Line W-36, distribuidas en tres grupos de tratamiento: control sin suplementación probiótica (C), P. pentosaceus UCO-23 (T1) y L. plantarum UCO54 (T2). Como resultado, T2 mejoró significativamente (p < 0.05) varios parámetros productivos, tales como la tasa de postura (80.56%), eficiencia alimenticia (0.54 g huevo/g alimento), tasa de conversión alimenticia (1.94 g alimento/g huevo) y parámetros de calidad del huevo como unidades Haugh, grosor de la cáscara e índice de yema. Pese a que no se observaron diferencias significativas en variables ambientales (p > 0.05) como el nitrógeno total y nitrógeno amoniacal, el grupo que recibió el tratamiento con UCO-54 presentó menor concentración de materia seca en las heces, lo que podría ser un indicador de una mayor actividad fermentativa en el tracto digestivo de las aves. En conclusión, UCO-54 se perfila como una cepa probiótica prometedora para la avicultura sustentable, la cual contribuiría potencialmente a la reducción del uso intensivo de antibióticos como promotores de crecimiento, productos sintéticos y a una mayor productividad; sin embargo, pruebas adicionales son necesarias para establecer la capacidad del probiótico para mejorar parámetros ambientales.
The sustained growth of poultry production involves both environmental and public health challenges, particularly given the restrictions on the intensive use of synthetic compounds such as antibiotics. In this context, lactic acid bacteria-based probiotics have emerged as a promising alternative to enhance animal performance without compromising the environment, with strain viability being one of the main issues to ensuring their effectiveness throughout the production cycle. In this regard, microorganisms adapted to the extreme climatic conditions of Antarctica have garnered research interest due to their biotechnological potential. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the probiotic effect of Antarctic lactic acid bacteria as a sustainable alternative for poultry production systems. Eight strains were characterized in vitro based on their tolerance to acidic pH and bile salts, hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, safety, and antagonistic activity against key pathogens to the poultry industry, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. Subsequently, two strains were selected to determine their in vivo effects in Hy-Line W-36 laying hens, distributed into three treatment groups: a control group without probiotic supplementation (C), P. pentosaceus UCO-23 (T1), and L. plantarum UCO-54 (T2). As a result, T2 significantly improved (p < 0.05) several productive parameters, including laying rate (80.56%), feed efficiency (0.54 g of egg/g of feed), feed conversion ratio (1.94 g of feed/g of egg), and egg quality parameters such as Haugh units, eggshell thickness, and yolk index. Although no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in environmental variables such as total nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen, the group supplemented with UCO-54 exhibited lower dry matter feces, which may indicate enhanced fermentative activity in the digestive tract of the hens. In conclusion, UCO54 stands out as a promising probiotic strain for sustainable poultry production, potentially contributing to reducing reliance on antibiotics as growth promoters, minimizing synthetic additives, and greater productivity. Nevertheless, further studies are required to confirm its capacity to improve environmental parameters.
The sustained growth of poultry production involves both environmental and public health challenges, particularly given the restrictions on the intensive use of synthetic compounds such as antibiotics. In this context, lactic acid bacteria-based probiotics have emerged as a promising alternative to enhance animal performance without compromising the environment, with strain viability being one of the main issues to ensuring their effectiveness throughout the production cycle. In this regard, microorganisms adapted to the extreme climatic conditions of Antarctica have garnered research interest due to their biotechnological potential. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the probiotic effect of Antarctic lactic acid bacteria as a sustainable alternative for poultry production systems. Eight strains were characterized in vitro based on their tolerance to acidic pH and bile salts, hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, safety, and antagonistic activity against key pathogens to the poultry industry, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. Subsequently, two strains were selected to determine their in vivo effects in Hy-Line W-36 laying hens, distributed into three treatment groups: a control group without probiotic supplementation (C), P. pentosaceus UCO-23 (T1), and L. plantarum UCO-54 (T2). As a result, T2 significantly improved (p < 0.05) several productive parameters, including laying rate (80.56%), feed efficiency (0.54 g of egg/g of feed), feed conversion ratio (1.94 g of feed/g of egg), and egg quality parameters such as Haugh units, eggshell thickness, and yolk index. Although no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in environmental variables such as total nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen, the group supplemented with UCO-54 exhibited lower dry matter feces, which may indicate enhanced fermentative activity in the digestive tract of the hens. In conclusion, UCO54 stands out as a promising probiotic strain for sustainable poultry production, potentially contributing to reducing reliance on antibiotics as growth promoters, minimizing synthetic additives, and greater productivity. Nevertheless, further studies are required to confirm its capacity to improve environmental parameters.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Ingeniería Agrícola
Keywords
Probióticos, Producción Avícola, Antártica