Estudio de cargas vivas extremas en puentes debido a supercamiones.
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Date
2026
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El aumento del transporte terrestre de carga y la circulación de camiones especiales en la red vial han generado nuevas exigencias sobre los puentes, las cuales pueden diferir de las consideradas en los modelos de carga normativos de diseño. En particular, la presencia de supercamiones, caracterizados por configuraciones vehiculares atípicas y valores extremos de peso bruto total (PBT), puede inducir solicitaciones estructurales superiores a las esperadas. En este contexto, resulta necesario evaluar los efectos reales de estos vehículos sobre los puentes.
En este trabajo se analizan las solicitaciones estructurales generadas por supercamiones en puentes simplemente apoyados, considerando longitudes de vano entre 10 y 45 m. Para ello, se utilizan registros de pesaje provenientes de estaciones ubicadas en distintas zonas geográficas del país. A partir de estos datos, se identifican configuraciones vehiculares predominantes en cada zona, definiendo supercamiones representativos. Las solicitaciones inducidas por estos vehículos se comparan con los modelos de carga normativos utilizados en Chile.
Los resultados evidencian diferencias relevantes entre zonas geográficas: predominancia de configuraciones de seis ejes en la zona norte, mayor diversidad en la zona centro, y configuraciones más largas con mayores valores de PBT en la zona sur. La comparación con los modelos HL-93 y HS20-44+20% muestra que los supercamiones generan mayores solicitaciones, especialmente en el estado límite de servicio I. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos las demandas se mantienen bajo el estado límite de resistencia I, siendo superado solo en situaciones puntuales.
Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de considerar escenarios asociados a vehículos especiales definidos por el mandante en el diseño y evaluación de puentes, particularmente en el marco del estado límite de resistencia II. Este enfoque, basado en mediciones reales de carga, contribuye a una evaluación más representativa del comportamiento estructural frente a solicitaciones inducidas por supercamiones.
The increase in road freight transport and the circulation of special trucks on the road network have generated new demands on bridges, which may differ from those considered in standard design load models. In particular, the presence of super trucks, characterized by atypical vehicle configurations and extreme gross vehicle weight (GVW) values, can induce structural demands greater than expected. In this context, it is necessary to evaluate the real effects of these vehicles on bridges. This study analyzes the structural demands generated by super trucks on simply supported bridges, considering span lengths between 10 and 45 m. For this purpose, weighing records from stations located in different geographic zones of the country are used. Based on these data, predominant vehicle configurations in each zone are identified, defining representative super trucks. The demands induced by these vehicles are compared with the standard load models used for bridge design in Chile. The results show significant differences between geographic zones: a predominance of six-axle configurations in the northern zone, greater diversity in the central zone, and longer configurations with higher GVW values in the southern zone. The comparison with HL-93 and HS20-44+20% models indicates that super trucks generate higher demands, particularly with respect to Service Limit State I. However, in most cases, the demand remains below Strength Limit State I, which is exceeded only in specific cases. These results suggest the need to consider scenarios associated with special vehicles defined by the client in the design and evaluation of bridges, particularly within the framework of Strength Limit State II. This approach, based on real load measurements, contributes to a more representative assessment of structural behavior under demands induced by super trucks.
The increase in road freight transport and the circulation of special trucks on the road network have generated new demands on bridges, which may differ from those considered in standard design load models. In particular, the presence of super trucks, characterized by atypical vehicle configurations and extreme gross vehicle weight (GVW) values, can induce structural demands greater than expected. In this context, it is necessary to evaluate the real effects of these vehicles on bridges. This study analyzes the structural demands generated by super trucks on simply supported bridges, considering span lengths between 10 and 45 m. For this purpose, weighing records from stations located in different geographic zones of the country are used. Based on these data, predominant vehicle configurations in each zone are identified, defining representative super trucks. The demands induced by these vehicles are compared with the standard load models used for bridge design in Chile. The results show significant differences between geographic zones: a predominance of six-axle configurations in the northern zone, greater diversity in the central zone, and longer configurations with higher GVW values in the southern zone. The comparison with HL-93 and HS20-44+20% models indicates that super trucks generate higher demands, particularly with respect to Service Limit State I. However, in most cases, the demand remains below Strength Limit State I, which is exceeded only in specific cases. These results suggest the need to consider scenarios associated with special vehicles defined by the client in the design and evaluation of bridges, particularly within the framework of Strength Limit State II. This approach, based on real load measurements, contributes to a more representative assessment of structural behavior under demands induced by super trucks.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Civil.
Keywords
Infraestructuras del transporte Chile, Cargas dinámicas (Puentes), Estructura de suelos Chile