Filogeografía de la especie introducida trucha café (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758) en Chile para definir rutas de invasión.
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Date
2024
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Las invasiones biológicas representan una amenaza global para la biodiversidad, afectando a especies nativas y endémicas. En Chile, nuestros ríos y lagos están invadidos por diversas especies de salmónidos, como la trucha arcoíris y la trucha café, las cuales representan el 80% de la biomasa de nuestros recursos acuícolas. Salmo trutta, conocida como trucha café, es una especie originaria del hemisferio norte que fue introducida globalmente desde 1852, colonizando todos los continentes excepto la Antártica en menos de 90 años. La trucha café, ha prosperado en Chile debido a su capacidad adaptativa, abundancia de recursos y la ausencia de competidores o depredadores. Para abordar su origen en Chile y evaluar el estado actual de las poblaciones introducidas, aplicamos la filogeografía, contrastando secuencias de ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) de individuos de rango introducido en Chile y secuencias de rango Nativo en Europa. Para ello se recolectó y extrajo muestras de material genético de la región control del ADNmt de ocho cuencas de Chile, las cuales fueron amplificadas con primers: FST y PST. Se identificaron los haplotipos presentes en Chile, mediante BLAST se obtuvieron secuencias del rango nativo en Europa y se llevaron a cabo cálculos de distancia genética, redes de haplotipos y representaciones de distribución.
Los resultados revelaron la presencia de 12 haplotipos, destacando Haplotipo 1 y 65 por su alta frecuencia (76,66% y 12,22%) y distribución (8 y 2 cuencas), ambos pertenecientes al linaje Atlántico. El primer haplotipo se vincula a ancestros de hatchery de España con truchas provenientes de Alemania, mientras que el segundo haplotipo muestra dos posibles ancestros, uno de hatchery y otro silvestre de España. Además, identificamos 10 secuencias únicas, aparentemente originadas en Chile dada su divergencia y nula coincidencia con las muestras Europeas analizadas. En conclusión, se confirma que las truchas cafés en Chile tienen su origen desde haplotipos provenientes del linaje Atlántico (AT) característico de Alemania y dispersados en diversos hatcheries. Destaca la amplia distribución del haplotipo 1 en contraste con el haplotipo 65, este último predominantemente encontrado en la Araucanía. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia del análisis filogeográfico para comprender la invasión de especies y su impacto en los ecosistemas acuáticos chilenos.
Biological invasions pose a global threat to biodiversity, impacting native and endemic species. In Chile, our rivers and lakes are invaded by various species of salmonids, such as rainbow trout and brown trout, which represent 80% of the biomass of our aquaculture resources. Salmo trutta, known as brown trout, is a species native to the northern hemisphere that has been globally introduced since 1852, colonizing all continents except Antarctica in less than 90 years. Brown trout has thrived in Chile due to its adaptive capacity, abundance of resources, and the absence of competitors or predators. To address its origin in Chile and evaluate the current status of introduced populations, we applied phylogeography, contrasting mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from individuals of introduced range in Chile and sequences from the native range in Europe. For this purpose, samples of genetic material were collected and extracted from the control region of mtDNA from eight Chilean basins, which were amplified with primers: FST and PST. The haplotypes present in Chile were identified, sequences from the native range in Europe were obtained via BLAST, and calculations of genetic distance, haplotype networks, and distribution representations were conducted. The results revealed the presence of 12 haplotypes, with Haplotypes 1 and 65 standing out due to their high frequency (76.66% and 12.22%) and distribution (8 and 2 basins), both belonging to the Atlantic lineage. The first haplotype is linked to hatchery ancestors from Spain with trout from Germany, while the second haplotype shows two possible ancestors, one from a hatchery and another wild from Spain. Additionally, we identified 10 unique sequences, apparently originating in Chile due to their divergence and lack of coincidence with the European samples analyzed. In conclusion, it is confirmed that brown trout in Chile have their origin from haplotypes originating from the Atlantic lineage (AT) characteristic of Germany and dispersed in various hatcheries. The widespread distribution of haplotype 1 contrasts with haplotype 65, the latter predominantly found in the Araucanía region. These findings highlight the importance of phylogeographic analysis in understanding the invasion of species and their impact on Chilean aquatic ecosystems.
Biological invasions pose a global threat to biodiversity, impacting native and endemic species. In Chile, our rivers and lakes are invaded by various species of salmonids, such as rainbow trout and brown trout, which represent 80% of the biomass of our aquaculture resources. Salmo trutta, known as brown trout, is a species native to the northern hemisphere that has been globally introduced since 1852, colonizing all continents except Antarctica in less than 90 years. Brown trout has thrived in Chile due to its adaptive capacity, abundance of resources, and the absence of competitors or predators. To address its origin in Chile and evaluate the current status of introduced populations, we applied phylogeography, contrasting mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from individuals of introduced range in Chile and sequences from the native range in Europe. For this purpose, samples of genetic material were collected and extracted from the control region of mtDNA from eight Chilean basins, which were amplified with primers: FST and PST. The haplotypes present in Chile were identified, sequences from the native range in Europe were obtained via BLAST, and calculations of genetic distance, haplotype networks, and distribution representations were conducted. The results revealed the presence of 12 haplotypes, with Haplotypes 1 and 65 standing out due to their high frequency (76.66% and 12.22%) and distribution (8 and 2 basins), both belonging to the Atlantic lineage. The first haplotype is linked to hatchery ancestors from Spain with trout from Germany, while the second haplotype shows two possible ancestors, one from a hatchery and another wild from Spain. Additionally, we identified 10 unique sequences, apparently originating in Chile due to their divergence and lack of coincidence with the European samples analyzed. In conclusion, it is confirmed that brown trout in Chile have their origin from haplotypes originating from the Atlantic lineage (AT) characteristic of Germany and dispersed in various hatcheries. The widespread distribution of haplotype 1 contrasts with haplotype 65, the latter predominantly found in the Araucanía region. These findings highlight the importance of phylogeographic analysis in understanding the invasion of species and their impact on Chilean aquatic ecosystems.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Biólogo
Keywords
Filogeografía, Organismos introducidos, Biogeografía