Efecto del manejo de riego en la producción y calidad de manzano variedades Royal Gala y Brookfield Gala.
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Date
2022
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El contexto de escasez hídrico en Chile ha llevado a buscar nuevas alternativas para el riego en cultivos de manzanos. El manejo adecuado de los volúmenes de agua a aplicar pueden ser una alternativa para racionalizar el uso de agua en árboles frutales. Por esta razón, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto sobre la producción y calidad de la fruta de dos estrategias de riego en cultivos de manzana de variedades Royal Gala y Brookfield Gala en el centro-sur de Chile.
El estudio se llevó a cabo en dos predios, uno ubicado en la Región del Maule (Fundo “Santa Eugenia”) y el otro en la Región del Biobío (Huerto “La Capilla”), propiedad de la empresa Copefrut S.A., durante las temporadas 2008-2009 y 2009-2010. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar y consideró dos tratamientos de aplicación de agua: riego programado de acuerdo con el volumen teórico requerido por la planta (T1) y manejo del riego a cargo del productor de acuerdo con un protocolo predial (T2). En ambos huertos se evaluó el contenido de humedad en el suelo, el potencial hídrico de la planta, el diámetro ecuatorial, el peso del fruto y
la producción al final de la temporada.
Los resultados mostraron que la estrategia de riego T1 logró reducciones en el consumo de agua superiores al 20 % respecto a T2 y permitió un ahorro de 1.600 m3 ha-1 en cada predio al final de cada temporada. Además, los costos de riego se redujeron hasta en 0,92 UF ha-1
temporada-1 en “Royal Gala” y 0,36 UF ha-1 temporada-1 en “Brookfield Gala”. En manzanos “Royal Gala”, la reducción en el consumo de agua en T1 no condujo a diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en el diámetro, producción y peso de la fruta en ambas temporadas, respecto a los
resultados obtenidos con T2. Por otro lado, manzanos de variedad Brookfield Gala, la producción y el número de frutos en la temporada 2008-2009 fue estadísticamente mayor en T1 (p<0,05). Sin embargo, se observó un mayor número de frutos en T2 (p<0,05) en la temporada 2009-2010, asociado a un menor diámetro y peso del fruto. Los resultados respaldaron la efectividad de la estrategia de manejo del riego basada en la aplicación del volumen teórico de agua requerido por la planta.
The context of water scarcity in Chile has led to search for new alternatives for the irrigation in apple crops. The proper management of the volumes of water to be applied can be an alternative to rationalize the use of water in fruit trees. For this reason, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect on fruit production and quality of two irrigation strategies in apple crops of the Royal Gala and Brookfield Gala varieties. The study was carried out in two farms located in the Maule Region (Fundo "Santa Eugenia") and Biobio Region (Huerto "La Capilla"), owned by the company Copefrut S.A during the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 seasons. The experimental design was a randomized block with two irrigation water application treatments: an irrigation schedule based on the theoretical volume required by the plant (T1) and an irrigation schedule following a farm protocol (T2). In both orchards, the moisture content in the soil, the plant water potential, the equatorial diameter, the production at the end of the season, and the weight of the fruit were evaluated. The results showed that the irrigation strategy T1 allowed reductions in water consumption of more than 20% compared to T2 and represented a saving of more than 1600 m3 ha-1 in each farm at the end of each season. Besides, irrigation costs were reduced up to 0.92 UF ha-1 season-1 in “Royal Gala” apple trees and 0.36 UF ha-1 season-1in “Brookfield Gala”. In the orchards of Royal Gala apple trees, the reduction in water consumption did not lead to significant differences (p<0.05) in the diameter, production, and weight of the fruit in both seasons, in comparison to the results obtained with T2. On the other hand, in the orchards of Brookfield Gala apple trees, the production and number of fruits in the 2008-2009 season were statistically higher in T1 (p<0.05). However, although in the 2009-2010 season the highest number of fruits was observed in T2 (p<0.05), this led to a smaller diameter and weight of the fruit. In conclusion, the results supported the effectiveness of the irrigation management based on the theoretical volume required by the plant.
The context of water scarcity in Chile has led to search for new alternatives for the irrigation in apple crops. The proper management of the volumes of water to be applied can be an alternative to rationalize the use of water in fruit trees. For this reason, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect on fruit production and quality of two irrigation strategies in apple crops of the Royal Gala and Brookfield Gala varieties. The study was carried out in two farms located in the Maule Region (Fundo "Santa Eugenia") and Biobio Region (Huerto "La Capilla"), owned by the company Copefrut S.A during the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 seasons. The experimental design was a randomized block with two irrigation water application treatments: an irrigation schedule based on the theoretical volume required by the plant (T1) and an irrigation schedule following a farm protocol (T2). In both orchards, the moisture content in the soil, the plant water potential, the equatorial diameter, the production at the end of the season, and the weight of the fruit were evaluated. The results showed that the irrigation strategy T1 allowed reductions in water consumption of more than 20% compared to T2 and represented a saving of more than 1600 m3 ha-1 in each farm at the end of each season. Besides, irrigation costs were reduced up to 0.92 UF ha-1 season-1 in “Royal Gala” apple trees and 0.36 UF ha-1 season-1in “Brookfield Gala”. In the orchards of Royal Gala apple trees, the reduction in water consumption did not lead to significant differences (p<0.05) in the diameter, production, and weight of the fruit in both seasons, in comparison to the results obtained with T2. On the other hand, in the orchards of Brookfield Gala apple trees, the production and number of fruits in the 2008-2009 season were statistically higher in T1 (p<0.05). However, although in the 2009-2010 season the highest number of fruits was observed in T2 (p<0.05), this led to a smaller diameter and weight of the fruit. In conclusion, the results supported the effectiveness of the irrigation management based on the theoretical volume required by the plant.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Ingeniería Agrícola con Mención en Recursos Hídricos
Keywords
Manzano, Cultivos, Árboles frutales, Redimiento, Crecimiento, Riego