Diseño y fabricación de una celda de impacto para ensayos de fractura.
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Date
2026
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La conminución de mineral en la industria minera conlleva una gran cantidad de consumos energético, por esto el propósito de esta investigación radica en la caracterización de la energía de fractura de minerales y parámetros de la fractura utilizando mediciones experimentales para optimizar la eficiencia energética de la maquinaria utilizada en los procesos de conminución. Para caracterizar la fractura de minerales se realizó el diseño y fabricación de un banco de ensayos Ultra Fast Load Cell (UFLC). Esta celda de impacto combina el sistema de medición de la barra Hopkinson (SHPB), el cual utiliza strain gages para obtener los parámetros de fractura, mediante la medición de la onda de deformación propagada por el impacto de una partícula a través de la barra. Este impacto es generado por un banco de ensayos Drop Weight Test (DWT), el cual libera una bola de acero utilizando un electroimán a una altura determinada. Esta altura determina la velocidad del impacto, esta velocidad se puede configurar mediante el cambio de altura usando un perfil apernado. Los ensayos experimentales se realizaron con solo el impacto de la bola, esto para realizar una calibración de las mediciones obtenidas por los strain gage y observar el error porcentual con el impacto teórico. También se prepararon probetas de concreto cilíndricas de un diámetro de 13 mm y se seleccionaron probetas de cuarzo en un rango de tamaño de (13,2 mm – 16 mm). Donde se realizaron ensayos de fractura para determinar la energía de fractura primaria de los minerales. El desarrollo del banco de ensayos permite analizar el comportamiento de los minerales durante su fractura, contribuyendo significativamente a estudios de fractura de minerales y simulaciones numéricas. La celda de impacto también permite realizar análisis comparativos de los resultados obtenidos con distintos bancos de ensayos utilizados para caracterizar la fractura de tanto el cuarzo como distintos minerales.
Comminution of mineral ore in the mining industry involves a significant amount of energy consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to characterize the fracture energy of minerals and fracture parameters using experimental measurements to optimize the energy efficiency of machines used in comminution processes. To characterize the fracture of minerals an Ultra Fast Load Cell (UFLC) test bench was designed and manufactured. This impact cell uses a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) as a measurement system, using stran gages to obtain fracture characteristics, this from the measurement of the particle impact wave propagation through the bar. This impact is done by a Drop Weight Test (DWT), which drops a steel ball using an electromagnet from a specific height. This height determines the impact velocity; this velocity can be configured by changing the height of the drop weight using a bolted profile. Experimental tests were carried out considering only the impact of the ball, with the aim of calibrating the measurements obtained from the strain gauges and evaluating the percentage error compared to the theoretical impact. Additionally, cylindrical concrete specimens with a diameter of 13 mm were prepared, and quartz samples within a size range of 13.2 mm to 16 mm were selected. Fracture tests were performed on these minerals to determine the primary fracture energy of the analyzed minerals. The development of the test bench allows for the analysis of the behavior of minerals during fracture, contributing to the study of fracture mechanisms and the validation of numerical simulation. The impact load cell enables comparative analyses between the obtained results with those using other test benches designed to characterize the fracture of quartz and other minerals.
Comminution of mineral ore in the mining industry involves a significant amount of energy consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to characterize the fracture energy of minerals and fracture parameters using experimental measurements to optimize the energy efficiency of machines used in comminution processes. To characterize the fracture of minerals an Ultra Fast Load Cell (UFLC) test bench was designed and manufactured. This impact cell uses a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) as a measurement system, using stran gages to obtain fracture characteristics, this from the measurement of the particle impact wave propagation through the bar. This impact is done by a Drop Weight Test (DWT), which drops a steel ball using an electromagnet from a specific height. This height determines the impact velocity; this velocity can be configured by changing the height of the drop weight using a bolted profile. Experimental tests were carried out considering only the impact of the ball, with the aim of calibrating the measurements obtained from the strain gauges and evaluating the percentage error compared to the theoretical impact. Additionally, cylindrical concrete specimens with a diameter of 13 mm were prepared, and quartz samples within a size range of 13.2 mm to 16 mm were selected. Fracture tests were performed on these minerals to determine the primary fracture energy of the analyzed minerals. The development of the test bench allows for the analysis of the behavior of minerals during fracture, contributing to the study of fracture mechanisms and the validation of numerical simulation. The impact load cell enables comparative analyses between the obtained results with those using other test benches designed to characterize the fracture of quartz and other minerals.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Civil Mecánico/a.
Keywords
Minerales, Reducción del tamaño de los materiales, Consumo de energía