Migración venezolana y su impacto en el mercado laboral chileno.
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Esta investigación analiza el impacto de la población migrante venezolana en el mercado laboral chileno. Para ello, se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo (ENE) correspondientes al período 2010-2023. El objetivo principal es identificar y examinar los efectos de la llegada de migrantes, especialmente de origen venezolano, considerando también las diferencias según género.
El diseño de esta investigación es de tipo correlacional-explicativo. La metodología empleada consiste en aplicar regresiones lineales múltiples mediante Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios (MCO) por dos etapas para estimar los efectos sobre las variables: participación laboral, ocupado, ocupado informal y diversos tipos de ocupación relevantes para el análisis.
Los resultados sugieren que los migrantes, en general, son más jóvenes y tienen un mayor nivel educativo que la población nativa. Sin embargo, pese a su mayor calificación, muchos se concentran en empleos informales y presentan baja probabilidad de acceder a empleos formales, especialmente en sectores como comercio y servicios. Además, las mujeres venezolanas enfrentan mayores barreras, tanto por su condición migratoria como por factores de género, ya que suelen asumir responsabilidades domésticas y se enfrentan a formas de discriminación estructural. Esta vulnerabilidad es especialmente marcada entre las mujeres venezolanas con bajo nivel educativo, quienes se insertan mayoritariamente en empleos informales y trabajos por cuenta propia.
El análisis revela que, ante un aumento en la proporción de migrantes venezolanos, la población chilena tiende a ocupar más trabajos informales y por cuenta propia, debido a la mayor competencia laboral. Al mismo tiempo, crece la demanda de personal calificado en el sector privado, mientras persisten las barreras para acceder al empleo público. Por su parte, los migrantes enfrentan mayores obstáculos de inserción, recurriendo a empleos informales o extensas jornadas laborales.
Esta investigación pone en evidencia la existencia de desigualdades significativas que afectan a la población migrante, en particular a los venezolanos y a las mujeres venezolanas. Los hallazgos destacan la necesidad urgente de diseñar políticas públicas específicas que mitiguen estas desigualdades, promuevan el ingreso regular y controlado de la población migrante, y fomenten un entorno laboral justo y equitativo que favorezca una competencia constructiva e inclusiva para todos los grupos migrantes en Chile.
This research analyzes the impact of the Venezuelan migrant population on the Chilean labor market. To this end, data from the National Employment Survey (ENE) for the period 2010-2023 were used. The main objective is to identify and examine the effects of migrant inflows, especially those of Venezuelan origin, also considering gender differences. The research design is correlational-explanatory. The methodology consists of applying multiple linear regressions using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) in two stages to estimate the effects on the following variables: labor force participation, employment status, informal employment, and various types of occupations relevant to the analysis. The results suggest that, in general, migrants are younger and have a higher level of education than the native population. However, despite their higher qualifications, many are concentrated in informal employment and show a low probability of accessing formal jobs, especially in sectors such as commerce and services. Furthermore, Venezuelan women face greater barriers due to both their migrant status and gender-related factors, as they often take on domestic responsibilities and face structural discrimination. This vulnerability is particularly pronounced among Venezuelan women with low levels of education, who are primarily employed in informal jobs or self employment. The analysis reveals that, with an increase in the proportion of Venezuelan migrants, the Chilean population tends to engage more in informal employment and self-employment, driven by increased labor market competition. At the same time, the demand for skilled workers in the private sector grows, while barriers to accessing public sector employment persist. Migrants, in turn, face greater obstacles to labor market integration, often resorting to informal jobs or extended working hours as a strategy for insertion. This research highlights the existence of significant inequalities affecting the migrant population, particularly Venezuelans and Venezuelan women. The findings underscore the urgent need to design targeted public policies that reduce these inequalities, promote the regular and controlled entry of migrants, and foster a fair and equitable labor environment that supports constructive and inclusive competition for all migrant groups in Chile.
This research analyzes the impact of the Venezuelan migrant population on the Chilean labor market. To this end, data from the National Employment Survey (ENE) for the period 2010-2023 were used. The main objective is to identify and examine the effects of migrant inflows, especially those of Venezuelan origin, also considering gender differences. The research design is correlational-explanatory. The methodology consists of applying multiple linear regressions using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) in two stages to estimate the effects on the following variables: labor force participation, employment status, informal employment, and various types of occupations relevant to the analysis. The results suggest that, in general, migrants are younger and have a higher level of education than the native population. However, despite their higher qualifications, many are concentrated in informal employment and show a low probability of accessing formal jobs, especially in sectors such as commerce and services. Furthermore, Venezuelan women face greater barriers due to both their migrant status and gender-related factors, as they often take on domestic responsibilities and face structural discrimination. This vulnerability is particularly pronounced among Venezuelan women with low levels of education, who are primarily employed in informal jobs or self employment. The analysis reveals that, with an increase in the proportion of Venezuelan migrants, the Chilean population tends to engage more in informal employment and self-employment, driven by increased labor market competition. At the same time, the demand for skilled workers in the private sector grows, while barriers to accessing public sector employment persist. Migrants, in turn, face greater obstacles to labor market integration, often resorting to informal jobs or extended working hours as a strategy for insertion. This research highlights the existence of significant inequalities affecting the migrant population, particularly Venezuelans and Venezuelan women. The findings underscore the urgent need to design targeted public policies that reduce these inequalities, promote the regular and controlled entry of migrants, and foster a fair and equitable labor environment that supports constructive and inclusive competition for all migrant groups in Chile.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Civil Industrial.
Keywords
Mercado laboral, Emigración e inmigración, Desigualdades económicas