Perturbaciones conductoras de cambios en la diversidad ecológica y genética en ambientes marinos, a través de mecanismos neutrales.
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Date
2023
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Entender los efectos de las perturbaciones sobre los distintos niveles de la biodiversidad, así como los procesos y mecanismos subyacentes, ha cobrado gran relevancia debido a la alteración de los regímenes de perturbaciones naturales a causa del cambio climático global y al aumento de las perturbaciones de origen antropogénicas, que afectan los ecosistemas marinos. Por esta razón, el objetivo general de esta investigación fue evaluar los efectos de perturbaciones antropogénicas (mitilicultura) y naturales (terremoto-tsunami, hipoxia), sobre la diversidad ecológica y genética de comunidades y poblaciones marinas, de la costa Pacífico SO, a través de una aproximación neutral. La hipótesis general fue que estas perturbaciones afectan la diversidad ecológica y genética, a través de mecanismos neutrales de deriva (ecológica y genética, respectivamente) y dispersión azarosa limitada. Los resultados mostraron que la mitilicultura afectó la diversidad alfa y beta de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentónicos, a través de procesos de reemplazo, mediante deriva ecológica y dispersión azarosa limitada. A nivel genético, la diversidad del pez Aphos porosus disminuyó después de un fuerte evento de hipoxia producido por intensa surgencia costera en el 2008 y del mega terremoto-tsunami en el 2010, mientras que la estructuración genética aumentó, debido a un incremento en la deriva y en el flujo de genes. Los resultados aportan evidencia sobre como las perturbaciones afectan la diversidad a través de mecanismos neutrales y sugieren la importancia de considerar las dinámicas meta-poblacionales y meta-comunitarios en los planes de conservación.
Understanding the effects of disturbances on the different levels of biodiversity, as well as the processes and mechanisms underlying them, has gained great importance due to the changes of natural disturbance systems produced by global climate change and the increase in anthropogenic disturbances, which affect the biodiversity of marine ecosystems. In this context, the general objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of anthropogenic (mussel farming) and natural (earthquake-tsunami, hypoxia) disturbances on the ecological, and genetic diversity of communities and marine populations of the SW Pacific coast, using a neutral approach. The general hypothesis was that disturbances affect ecological and genetic diversity through neutral drift (ecological and genetic, respectively), and limited random dispersal. The results showed that mussel farming affected the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, through replacement processes and through neutral ecological drift and limited random dispersal mechanisms. At the genetic level, the diversity of the fish Aphos porosus decreased after the 2008 hypoxicupwelling and the 2010 mega-earthquake tsunami, while genetic structuring increased, due to increased genetic drift and gene flow. The results provide evidence on how diversity disturbances affect diversity through neutral mechanisms and suggest importance of considering meta-population and metacommunity dynamics in conservation plans.
Understanding the effects of disturbances on the different levels of biodiversity, as well as the processes and mechanisms underlying them, has gained great importance due to the changes of natural disturbance systems produced by global climate change and the increase in anthropogenic disturbances, which affect the biodiversity of marine ecosystems. In this context, the general objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of anthropogenic (mussel farming) and natural (earthquake-tsunami, hypoxia) disturbances on the ecological, and genetic diversity of communities and marine populations of the SW Pacific coast, using a neutral approach. The general hypothesis was that disturbances affect ecological and genetic diversity through neutral drift (ecological and genetic, respectively), and limited random dispersal. The results showed that mussel farming affected the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, through replacement processes and through neutral ecological drift and limited random dispersal mechanisms. At the genetic level, the diversity of the fish Aphos porosus decreased after the 2008 hypoxicupwelling and the 2010 mega-earthquake tsunami, while genetic structuring increased, due to increased genetic drift and gene flow. The results provide evidence on how diversity disturbances affect diversity through neutral mechanisms and suggest importance of considering meta-population and metacommunity dynamics in conservation plans.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Doctor en Sistemática y Biodiversidad.