Evaluación técnico-económica respecto de tecnologías de separación de residuos con foco en la implementación de la Ley REP.
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Se estima que en Chile se generan 1,03 kg de residuos por habitantes al día. En consideración de esta situación, que lleva años en incremento, es que el año 2016 se promulga y publica la ley 20.920 o Ley REP, estableciendo como productos prioritarios a los neumáticos, envases y embalajes, aceites lubricantes, equipos eléctricos y electrónicos, pilas y baterías, y metas de gestión para ellos. Esto presenta una oportunidad de nuevos negocios y empleos, por lo que, en base a esto, se hace este trabajo con el objetivo de analizar la factibilidad técnico-económica de una planta de separación de residuos prioritarios, para la región del Biobío. Específicamente, se estudia el estado del arte de la generación de los materiales en la zona, y las tecnologías aplicables para separarlos, con lo cual se proponen diseños de plantas de separación, para finalmente examinar factibilidad técnico-económica de estas.
Para lograr estos objetivos, se realiza una búsqueda bibliográfica para obtener datos de generación de residuos, los cuales son ajustados a la región del Biobío. Se analizan informes, videos y páginas de plantas de separación y empresas fabricantes para identificar tecnologías avanzadas aplicadas. Además, se realizan entrevistas sobre recolección y reciclaje en la región, para lograr una mayor comprensión de la situación actual. Se desarrollan distintos diseños de planta y se calculan costos, ingresos, flujos de caja, los indicadores valor actual neto (VAN) y tasa interna de retorno (TIR), para finalmente realizar un análisis de sensibilidad respecto a cuatro variables clave.
Finalmente se decide trabajar con residuos de Envases y Embalajes, en consideración de los decretos publicados, la existencia de tecnologías y la calidad de los datos de generación de residuos. Para este grupo, se estima una cantidad total de Material No Valorizado en la región del Biobío de 95.782 toneladas anuales. En base a ello, se desarrolla un caso corto plazo con un flujo anual de 9.084 toneladas y casos a largo plazo con flujos de hasta 103.488 toneladas anuales. Finalmente, todos los diseños resultan factibles. con un TIR de 21% y VAN de 876 miles de USD para un caso corto plazo pesimista, ascendiendo hasta un 67% y 20,6 millones para el resto, siendo proporcional a la escala de la planta. Además, se consideraron procesos completos ofrecidos por fabricantes, los cuales también fueron factibles, con alta variación en los indicadores. Por último, se reconoce que las variables de mayor influencia en los resultados son el precio de venta y el costo de los equipos.
De esta forma se concluye que la planta es factible para diseños simples, pero necesita de la recolección Domiciliaria clasificada para poder operar, siendo este el mayor desafío, junto al financiamiento y la claridad de las cantidades generadas. Además, es necesario estudiar en profundidad el material, tomando muestras y especificando la composición.
It is estimated that 1,03 kg of waste per inhabitant are generated daily in Chile. Considering this situation, which has been increasing for years, Law 20.920 or the REP Law (Extended Producer Responsibility in spanish) was enacted and published in 2016. This law identifies priority products, including Tires, Packaging and Containers, Lubricating Oils, Electrical and Electronic Equipment, and Batteries, and sets management targets for their management, which presents an opportunity for new businesses. Based on this, this work aims to analyze the technical and economic feasibility of a priority waste separation plant for the Biobío region. Specifically, it studies the state of the art in material generation in the area and the applicable technologies for separation, proposing plant designs and ultimately examining their technical and economic feasibility. To achieve these objectives, a literature review was conducted to gather waste generation data, which was adjusted to the Biobío region. Reports, videos, and websites of separation plants and equipment manufacturers were analyzed to identify advanced applied technologies. Additionally, interviews were conducted regarding collection and recycling in the region to gain a deeper understanding of the current situation. Various plant designs were developed, and costs, revenues, cash flows, NPV (Net Present Value), and IRR (Internal Rate of Return) indicators were calculated, followed by a sensitivity analysis for four key variables. Finally, it was decided to focus on Packaging and Containers waste, considering the published decrees, the availability of technologies, and the quality of waste generation data. For this group, an estimated total of 95.782 tons of non-recoverable material is generated annually in the Biobío region. Based on this, a short-term case was developed with an annual flow of 9.084 tons, and long-term cases with flows of up to 103.488 tons annually. All designs were found to be feasible, with an IRR of 21% and an NPV of 876 thousand USD for a pessimistic short-term case, increasing to 67% and 20,6 million USD for other cases, proportional to plant scale. Additionally, complete processes offered by manufacturers were considered and were also feasible, although with high variability in the indicators. Lastly, it was identified that the most influential variables on the results are the selling price and equipment costs. In conclusion, the plant is feasible for simple designs but requires classified household collection to operate, which is the main challenge, along with financing and clarity on the amounts generated. Furthermore, it is necessary to study the material in depth, taking samples and specifying its composition.
It is estimated that 1,03 kg of waste per inhabitant are generated daily in Chile. Considering this situation, which has been increasing for years, Law 20.920 or the REP Law (Extended Producer Responsibility in spanish) was enacted and published in 2016. This law identifies priority products, including Tires, Packaging and Containers, Lubricating Oils, Electrical and Electronic Equipment, and Batteries, and sets management targets for their management, which presents an opportunity for new businesses. Based on this, this work aims to analyze the technical and economic feasibility of a priority waste separation plant for the Biobío region. Specifically, it studies the state of the art in material generation in the area and the applicable technologies for separation, proposing plant designs and ultimately examining their technical and economic feasibility. To achieve these objectives, a literature review was conducted to gather waste generation data, which was adjusted to the Biobío region. Reports, videos, and websites of separation plants and equipment manufacturers were analyzed to identify advanced applied technologies. Additionally, interviews were conducted regarding collection and recycling in the region to gain a deeper understanding of the current situation. Various plant designs were developed, and costs, revenues, cash flows, NPV (Net Present Value), and IRR (Internal Rate of Return) indicators were calculated, followed by a sensitivity analysis for four key variables. Finally, it was decided to focus on Packaging and Containers waste, considering the published decrees, the availability of technologies, and the quality of waste generation data. For this group, an estimated total of 95.782 tons of non-recoverable material is generated annually in the Biobío region. Based on this, a short-term case was developed with an annual flow of 9.084 tons, and long-term cases with flows of up to 103.488 tons annually. All designs were found to be feasible, with an IRR of 21% and an NPV of 876 thousand USD for a pessimistic short-term case, increasing to 67% and 20,6 million USD for other cases, proportional to plant scale. Additionally, complete processes offered by manufacturers were considered and were also feasible, although with high variability in the indicators. Lastly, it was identified that the most influential variables on the results are the selling price and equipment costs. In conclusion, the plant is feasible for simple designs but requires classified household collection to operate, which is the main challenge, along with financing and clarity on the amounts generated. Furthermore, it is necessary to study the material in depth, taking samples and specifying its composition.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil Químico
Keywords
Aprovechamiento de desechos, Economia circular, Tecnología verde