Trabajo y envejecimiento en la población Chilena: Caracterización del mercado laboral de adultos mayores de 1992 a 2022
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Date
2024
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
En esta memoria de título se busca contribuir a la literatura relacionada al mercado laboral de las personas mayores, para ello se caracteriza el mercado laboral en Chile, considerando aquellos que superan la edad legal de jubilación (igual o mayor a 60 años para mujeres e igual o mayor a 65 años para hombres), así como los 10 años previos a dicha edad, durante el período 1992-2022. Para lo anterior se utilizaron 13 rondas de la encuesta CASEN
correspondientes a los años 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 y 2022, excluyendo el año 2020 debido a ser una versión especial.
La metodología consiste en aplicar un modelo no lineal para determinar las características individuales que afectan la participación laboral a través de una regresión tipo logit, así como dos modelos lineales a través del método de estimación de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (MCO) para analizar las características que influyen en los ingresos y las horas de trabajo, con estimaciones realizadas con errores estándar robustos. La aplicación se lleva a cabo por separado entre aquellos individuos que están en los 10 años previos de la edad mínima de jubilación y aquellos adultos mayores que ya superaron dicha edad para visualizar un contraste entre ambos grupos.
Los resultados muestran que la probabilidad de participación laboral de aquellos adultos mayores que pasaron la edad mínima de jubilación aumenta con el nivel educativo y ser hombre, y disminuye con la edad, los ingresos de jubilación y ser casado. Comparativamente, el nivel educativo y ser hombre tienen un mayor impacto en la probabilidad de trabajar en individuos que están en los 10 años previos de la edad mínima de jubilación que en los que ya superaron esa edad. En cuanto a los ingresos, para ambos grupos de individuos en estudio, ser hombre y tener mayor educación se asocian con mayores ingresos, mientras que la edad reduce los ingresos para quienes superaron la edad de jubilación. Finalmente, en la última década, la edad disminuye las horas trabajadas de los adultos mayores que trabajan posterior a la edad de jubilación. En ambos grupos estudiados, ser hombre implica más horas trabajadas en la mayoría de los años estudiados, y aquellos con educación superior trabajan menos horas.
This thesis seeks to contribute to the literature related to the labor market of the elderly, for this purpose, the labor market in Chile is characterized, considering those who exceed the legal retirement age (equal or older than 60 years for women and equal or older than 65 years for men), as well as the 10 years prior to that age, during the period 1992-2022. For the above, 13 rounds of the CASEN survey corresponding to the years 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2022 were used, excluding the year 2020 due to being a special version. The methodology consists of applying a non-linear model to determine the individual characteristics that affect labor participation through a logit regression, as well as two linear models through the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation method to analyze the characteristics that influence income and work hours, with estimates made with robust standard errors. The analysis is conducted separately between individuals who are in the 10 years prior to the minimum retirement age and older adults who have already exceeded this age to visualize a contrast between both groups. The results show that the probability of labor participation of those older adults past the minimum retirement age increases with educational level and being male, and decreases with age, retirement income and being married. Comparatively, educational level and being male have a greater impact on the probability of working in individuals who are in the previous 10 years of the minimum retirement age than in those who are past that age. As for income, for both groups of individuals under study, being male anf having more education are associated with higher income, while age reduces income for those above retirement age. Finally, in the last decade, age decreases the hours worked for older adults working beyond retirement age. In both groups studied, being male implies more hours worked in most of the years studied, and those with higher education work fewer hours.
This thesis seeks to contribute to the literature related to the labor market of the elderly, for this purpose, the labor market in Chile is characterized, considering those who exceed the legal retirement age (equal or older than 60 years for women and equal or older than 65 years for men), as well as the 10 years prior to that age, during the period 1992-2022. For the above, 13 rounds of the CASEN survey corresponding to the years 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2022 were used, excluding the year 2020 due to being a special version. The methodology consists of applying a non-linear model to determine the individual characteristics that affect labor participation through a logit regression, as well as two linear models through the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation method to analyze the characteristics that influence income and work hours, with estimates made with robust standard errors. The analysis is conducted separately between individuals who are in the 10 years prior to the minimum retirement age and older adults who have already exceeded this age to visualize a contrast between both groups. The results show that the probability of labor participation of those older adults past the minimum retirement age increases with educational level and being male, and decreases with age, retirement income and being married. Comparatively, educational level and being male have a greater impact on the probability of working in individuals who are in the previous 10 years of the minimum retirement age than in those who are past that age. As for income, for both groups of individuals under study, being male anf having more education are associated with higher income, while age reduces income for those above retirement age. Finally, in the last decade, age decreases the hours worked for older adults working beyond retirement age. In both groups studied, being male implies more hours worked in most of the years studied, and those with higher education work fewer hours.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero/a Civil Industrial.
Keywords
Adultos mayores, Jubilación Aspectos económicos Chile, Envejecimiento Chile