Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza (SbN) en la gobernanza hídrica de cuencas: aprendizajes internacionales y perspectivas para su implementación en el centro-sur de Chile.
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Date
2026
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Actualmente, el modelo de sobreproducción basado en la sobreexplotación de la naturaleza ha generado una alteración del ciclo hídrico a escala global. En Chile, esta crisis se agrava por la “megasequía” y un sistema de gestión hídrica que prioriza el uso extractivo sobre el rol ecológico, afectando principalmente a las regiones comprendidas entre el Maule y La Araucanía, concentrando el mayor porcentaje de plantaciones forestales y terrenos agrícolas. Frente a esto, las SbN emergen a nivel global como estrategias para restaurar ecosistemas y mejorar la gobernanza hídrica. Esta investigación analiza críticamente las experiencias internacionales sobre SbN en gestión de cuencas para evaluar su adaptabilidad al contexto socioinstitucional del centro-sur de Chile.
Para ello se realizó un mapeo sistemático y un análisis bibliométrico con VOSviewer. La extracción y codificación de datos se realizó en Excel considerando el análisis PESTEL para abordar la gobernanza y evaluar los factores habilitantes y limitantes en los documentos internacionales y para caracterizar el contexto chileno, después se compararon y recuperamos casos emblemáticos.
Los resultados más emblemáticos son: 1) el cambio de uso de suelo es la principal causa de problemáticas ambientales a nivel internacional diferenciándose del enfoque en el contexto chileno, 2) las SbN son en su mayoría impulsadas por los gobiernos, con financiamiento público, implementadas a escala de cuenca hidrográfica y del tipo “restauración”, 3) existe un vacío en el conocimiento sobre la gobernanza en las SbN, donde 8 de 69 documentos lo abordan, 4) se identificaron barreras normativas (Código de Aguas) e institucionales sobre cuencas (exceso de burocracia) para la implementación de SbN y mejorar la gobernanza hídrica. En definitiva, ante la creciente crisis hídrica en Chile es de suma importancia impulsar desde la academia y el estado la implementación de SbN para reconstruir los ciclos hídricos entre la naturaleza y nuestra sociedad.
Currently, the overproduction model based on the overexploitation of nature has led to alterations in the hydrological cycle at a global scale. In Chile, this crisis is exacerbated by the "megadrought" and a water management system that prioritizes extractive uses over ecological functions, particularly affecting the regions between Maule and La Araucanía, which concentrate the highest percentage of forest plantations and agricultural land. In response, Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have emerged globally as strategies to restore ecosystems and improve water governance. This research critically analyzes international experiences with NbS in watershed management to assess their adaptability to the socio-institutional context of south-central Chile. A systematic mapping and bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer were conducted. Data extraction and coding were performed in Excel, applying the PESTEL framework to address governance dimensions and to evaluate enabling factors and constraints in international documents, as well as to characterize the Chilean context. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was carried out, and emblematic case studies were identified. The main findings reveal that: 1) land use change is the primary driver of environmental problems internationally, contrasting with the predominant focus in the Chilean context; 2) NbS are mostly government-driven, publicly funded, implemented at the watershed scale, and predominantly consist of "restoration" interventions; 3) there is a significant knowledge gap regarding governance in NbS, addressed by only 8 out of 69 documents; and 4) regulatory (Water Code) and institutional barriers (excessive bureaucracy at the watershed level) were identified as hindering NbS implementation and the improvement of water governance. In conclusion, given the growing water crisis in Chile, it is crucial to promote the implementation of NbS from both academia and the state to restore the hydrological cycles between nature and society.
Currently, the overproduction model based on the overexploitation of nature has led to alterations in the hydrological cycle at a global scale. In Chile, this crisis is exacerbated by the "megadrought" and a water management system that prioritizes extractive uses over ecological functions, particularly affecting the regions between Maule and La Araucanía, which concentrate the highest percentage of forest plantations and agricultural land. In response, Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have emerged globally as strategies to restore ecosystems and improve water governance. This research critically analyzes international experiences with NbS in watershed management to assess their adaptability to the socio-institutional context of south-central Chile. A systematic mapping and bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer were conducted. Data extraction and coding were performed in Excel, applying the PESTEL framework to address governance dimensions and to evaluate enabling factors and constraints in international documents, as well as to characterize the Chilean context. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was carried out, and emblematic case studies were identified. The main findings reveal that: 1) land use change is the primary driver of environmental problems internationally, contrasting with the predominant focus in the Chilean context; 2) NbS are mostly government-driven, publicly funded, implemented at the watershed scale, and predominantly consist of "restoration" interventions; 3) there is a significant knowledge gap regarding governance in NbS, addressed by only 8 out of 69 documents; and 4) regulatory (Water Code) and institutional barriers (excessive bureaucracy at the watershed level) were identified as hindering NbS implementation and the improvement of water governance. In conclusion, given the growing water crisis in Chile, it is crucial to promote the implementation of NbS from both academia and the state to restore the hydrological cycles between nature and society.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Biólogo/a.
Keywords
Sequías, Ciclo hidrológico, Cuencas hidrográficas, Uso de la tierra, Biodiversidad