Obtención de mapas de suelo con fines de diseño y manejo de sistemas de riego
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Date
2015
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Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Uno de los problemas que se presentan al momento de diseñar y posteriormente manejar los sistemas de riego es su sectorización. Se necesita que el riego ocurra en unidades de suelo que sean espacialmente homogéneas, principalmente desde el punto de vista hidrofísico. Actualmente en Chile para determinar las unidades de suelo homogéneas, clasificación de capacidad de uso, aptitud frutal y como base para el diseño de los huertos frutales se utilizan estudios agrológicos sistemáticos empleando como guía el Soil Survey Manual y la Pauta para la Clasificación de Capacidad de Uso de Suelo de SAG. Sin embargo, estos estudios consideran ciertas características del suelo que son necesarias, pero no suficientes para caracterizarlos hidrofísicamente y, por lo tanto, para su sectorización. Se busca proponer una metodología que permita identificar objetivamente los suelos, en base a un análisis cuantitativo de los parámetros hidrofísicos necesarios para un adecuado diseño y manejo de sistemas de riego. Se recopiló información de terreno necesaria para evaluar los suelos del área de estudio mediante tres metodologías: 1) basado en el manual de SAG, 2) muestreo de las características hidrofísicas del suelo in situ; y 3) con la información recopilada se calibró un modelo de pedotransferencia para estimar algunas propiedades hidrofísicas del suelo. Se encontraron diferencias entre las metodologías en cuanto a la representación de las características hidrofíscas del suelo útiles en el diseño y manejo de sistemas de riego; también se encontraron altas diferencias entre los costos asociados. La metodología basada en SAG no es adecuada para mapeo de suelo con fines de diseño y manejo de sistemas de riego. Es posible calibrar modelos de pedotransferencia de los suelos derivados de cenizas volcánicas para estimar sus características hidrofísicas y así reducir los costos de laboratorio.
One of the problems that arise when design and management of irrigation systems, is its sectorization. Irrigation must be done in soil units that are spatially homogeneous, mainly from the hydro-physical point of view. Currently in Chile to determine the homogeneity of soil units, use the actual soil capacity, fruit aptitude, and for the orchard designing agro-ecologic systematic studies are used, based on the guide of Soil Survey Manual and SAG's guideline for classification of soil use capacity. However, these studies consider certain soil characteristics that are necessary, but not enough for its hydro-physical parameters required for irrigation design and therefore its sectorization. We propose a methodology to objectively identify the soil, based on a quantitative analysis of the hydro-physical parameters that are necessary for an appropriate design and management of irrigation systems. The collected land information required to evaluate the soil of the studied area through three methodologies: 1) based on the SAG's manual, 2) sampling the in situ hydro-physical characteristics of the soil; and 3) with the collected information was calibrated a pedotransfer model to estimate some soil hydrophysical properties. Methodologies differences were found regarding the hydrophysical soil characteristics useful for design and management of irrigation systems; also high differences were found between the associated costs. SAGbased methodology is not suitable for land mapping pursuing the design and management of irrigation system purposes. It's possible to calibrate pedotransfer models of soils derived from volcanic ashes to estimate their hydro-phisical characteristics and reduce laboratory costs.
One of the problems that arise when design and management of irrigation systems, is its sectorization. Irrigation must be done in soil units that are spatially homogeneous, mainly from the hydro-physical point of view. Currently in Chile to determine the homogeneity of soil units, use the actual soil capacity, fruit aptitude, and for the orchard designing agro-ecologic systematic studies are used, based on the guide of Soil Survey Manual and SAG's guideline for classification of soil use capacity. However, these studies consider certain soil characteristics that are necessary, but not enough for its hydro-physical parameters required for irrigation design and therefore its sectorization. We propose a methodology to objectively identify the soil, based on a quantitative analysis of the hydro-physical parameters that are necessary for an appropriate design and management of irrigation systems. The collected land information required to evaluate the soil of the studied area through three methodologies: 1) based on the SAG's manual, 2) sampling the in situ hydro-physical characteristics of the soil; and 3) with the collected information was calibrated a pedotransfer model to estimate some soil hydrophysical properties. Methodologies differences were found regarding the hydrophysical soil characteristics useful for design and management of irrigation systems; also high differences were found between the associated costs. SAGbased methodology is not suitable for land mapping pursuing the design and management of irrigation system purposes. It's possible to calibrate pedotransfer models of soils derived from volcanic ashes to estimate their hydro-phisical characteristics and reduce laboratory costs.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Ingeniería Agrícola con mención en Recursos Hídricos
Keywords
Suelos, Riego, Sistemas de Riego