Evaluación de efectos del fotoperíodo artificial en la hematopoyesis del salmón del Atlántico Salmo salar.
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Date
2025
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El fotoperíodo artificial, basado en la manipulación de los ciclos de luz y oscuridad, es una herramienta ampliamente utilizada en el cultivo de peces para optimizar procesos como el crecimiento, la smoltificación, la maduración y el desove. Sin embargo, aún se desconoce cómo una exposición prolongada a estas condiciones puede afectar procesos fisiológicos claves en cada etapa del desarrollo. En este contexto, la hematopoyesis, responsable de la producción de células sanguíneas, representa un buen indicador del estado fisiológico general del pez, ya que se encuentra estrechamente ligada a funciones como el transporte de oxígeno, la respuesta inmune y el metabolismo. Dado que este proceso es sensible a factores ambientales, se espera que la exposición a fotoperíodos artificiales produzca cambios en la expresión génica de los reguladores hematopoyéticos.
Este estudio evaluó el efecto de diferentes regímenes de fotoperíodo artificial LD 24:0, LD 12:12 y LD 14:10 sobre la hematopoyesis de juveniles de Salmo salar. Se cuantificó mediante RT-qPCR la expresión relativa de genes asociados a la eritropoyesis y mielopoyesis (GATA1, EPO, PU.1 y CSF1R) a partir de tejido de riñón anterior, principal órgano hematopoyético en peces.
Los resultados indicaron que la expresión de GATA1 y EPO se incrementó transitoriamente a los 45 días de exposición, lo que sugiere una activación inicial del sistema eritropoyético como respuesta adaptativa a las nuevas condiciones de luz. En tanto, la expresión de PU.1 se mantuvo elevada bajo los fotoperíodos LD 24:0 y LD 14:10 lo que podría indicar una activación persistente del sistema mieloide. CSF1R, en cambio, mostró menor variación, pero reflejó un patrón de activación temprana.
Este trabajo aporta evidencia sobre cómo el fotoperíodo artificial puede modular procesos hematopoyéticos en peces, influyendo en su respuesta inmune y eficiencia metabólica, Comprender estos efectos es clave tanto para optimizar la producción en cultivo como para avanzar en el conocimiento ecofisiológico de especies de importancia comercial como Salmo salar.
Artificial photoperiod, based on the manipulation of light and dark cycles, is a widely used tool in fish farming to optimize processes such as growth, smoltification, maturation, and spawning. However, it is still unknown how prolonged exposure to these conditions may affect key physiological processes at each developmental stage. In this context, hematopoiesis, responsible for the production of blood cells, represents a good indicator of the general physiological status of the fish, as it is closely linked to functions such as oxygen transport, immune response, and metabolism. Since this process is sensitive to environmental factors, it is expected that exposure to artificial photoperiods will produce changes in the gene expression of hematopoietic regulators. This study evaluated the effect of different artificial photoperiod regimes (LD 24:0, LD 12:12, and LD 14:10) on the hematopoiesis of juvenile Salmo salar. The relative expression of genes associated with erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis (GATA1, EPO, PU.1, and CSF1R) was quantified by RT-qPCR from anterior kidney tissue, the main hematopoietic organ in fish. The results indicated that GATA1 and EPO expression increased transiently after 45 days of exposure, suggesting an initial activation of the erythropoietic system as an adaptive response to the new light conditions. Meanwhile, PU.1 expression remained elevated under the LD 24:0 and LD 14:10 photoperiods, which may indicate a persistent activation of the myeloid system. CSF1R, on the other hand, showed less variation but reflected an early activation pattern. This work provides evidence on how artificial photoperiods can modulate hematopoietic processes in fish, influencing their immune response and metabolic efficiency. Understanding these effects is key both for optimizing production in aquaculture and for advancing the eco-physiological knowledge of commercially important species such as Salmo salar.
Artificial photoperiod, based on the manipulation of light and dark cycles, is a widely used tool in fish farming to optimize processes such as growth, smoltification, maturation, and spawning. However, it is still unknown how prolonged exposure to these conditions may affect key physiological processes at each developmental stage. In this context, hematopoiesis, responsible for the production of blood cells, represents a good indicator of the general physiological status of the fish, as it is closely linked to functions such as oxygen transport, immune response, and metabolism. Since this process is sensitive to environmental factors, it is expected that exposure to artificial photoperiods will produce changes in the gene expression of hematopoietic regulators. This study evaluated the effect of different artificial photoperiod regimes (LD 24:0, LD 12:12, and LD 14:10) on the hematopoiesis of juvenile Salmo salar. The relative expression of genes associated with erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis (GATA1, EPO, PU.1, and CSF1R) was quantified by RT-qPCR from anterior kidney tissue, the main hematopoietic organ in fish. The results indicated that GATA1 and EPO expression increased transiently after 45 days of exposure, suggesting an initial activation of the erythropoietic system as an adaptive response to the new light conditions. Meanwhile, PU.1 expression remained elevated under the LD 24:0 and LD 14:10 photoperiods, which may indicate a persistent activation of the myeloid system. CSF1R, on the other hand, showed less variation but reflected an early activation pattern. This work provides evidence on how artificial photoperiods can modulate hematopoietic processes in fish, influencing their immune response and metabolic efficiency. Understanding these effects is key both for optimizing production in aquaculture and for advancing the eco-physiological knowledge of commercially important species such as Salmo salar.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Biólogo/a Marino/a.
Keywords
Salmonicultura, Salmón del atlántico