Evaluación de métodos de extracción de aceite a partir de avellana europea (Corylus avellana L.).
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Date
2022
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
Dado el incremento de plantaciones de avellano europeo Corylus avellana L. en Chile, los agricultores proyectan un alto rendimiento en producción de semillas, principalmente dedicada a la exportación en fresco, surgiendo el interés de estudiar alternativas para agregar valor a la industria de la avellana europea aprovechando los subproductos y desechos generados por la extracción de lípidos. En este estudio se realizó la evaluación de dos métodos de extracción mecánica, mediante prensa de tornillo y prensa hidráulica, analizando productos y subproductos obtenidos en el proceso con tres variedades de avellana europea; Barcelona, Tonda de Giffoni y Lewis en Chillán, Región de Ñuble. La extracción se realizó utilizando la semilla con y sin cutícula. La extracción mecánica por prensa de tornillo demostró un alto rendimiento de extracción (89,06 %). Las variedades resultaron con diferencias significativas en sus perfiles de ácidos grasos, y la torta remanente se caracterizó por los componentes de la avellana europea para obtener un subproducto parcialmente desgrasado alto en proteínas (37,10 – 39,35 %), carbohidratos (30,24 - 32,33 %), fibras (3,95- a-4,32%) y cenizas (2,27-2,72%, favorable para otros usos y aplicaciones en alimentos. Los compuestos fenólicos y antioxidantes de la avellana europea se encuentran principalmente en la cutícula, y se aprecia migración hacia los aceites extraídos en el proceso. Finalmente, la cáscara por su composición celulósica se destina actualmente a la producción de carbón, la combustión del material y la producción de biogás, pero por su elevada capacidad antioxidante, igualmente permite generar otras alternativas de valor agregado.
Due to the increase of European hazelnut Corylus avellana L. cultivated surface in Chile, farmers project a high yield in hazelnuts, mainly dedicated to export market, arising the interest to study alternatives to add value to the European hazelnut industry by taking advantage of by-products and wastes generated by lipid extraction. In this study, the evaluation of two mechanical extraction methods was carried out, by means of screw press and hydraulic press, analyzing products and by-products obtained in the process with three varieties of European hazelnut; Barcelona, Tonda di Giffoni and Lewis. The lipid extraction was carried out using the unhusked seed with and without cuticle. Mechanical extraction by screw press showed an extraction yield (89.06 %). The varieties resulted with significant differences in their fatty acid profiles, and the remaining cake was characterized by European hazelnut components to obtain a partially defatted by-product high in protein (37.10 - 39.35 %), carbohydrate (30.24 - 32.33 %), fiber (3.95- to-4.32 %) and ash (2.27-2.72 %, favorable for other uses in food products. The phenolic and antioxidant compounds of the European hazelnut are mainly found in the cuticle (external cover of the unhusked seed), and migration towards the oils extracted in the process is appreciated. Finally, due to its cellulosic composition, the shell is currently used for charcoal production, combustion ofthe material and biogas production, but due to its high antioxidant capacity, it also would allow for the generation of other value-added alternatives.
Due to the increase of European hazelnut Corylus avellana L. cultivated surface in Chile, farmers project a high yield in hazelnuts, mainly dedicated to export market, arising the interest to study alternatives to add value to the European hazelnut industry by taking advantage of by-products and wastes generated by lipid extraction. In this study, the evaluation of two mechanical extraction methods was carried out, by means of screw press and hydraulic press, analyzing products and by-products obtained in the process with three varieties of European hazelnut; Barcelona, Tonda di Giffoni and Lewis. The lipid extraction was carried out using the unhusked seed with and without cuticle. Mechanical extraction by screw press showed an extraction yield (89.06 %). The varieties resulted with significant differences in their fatty acid profiles, and the remaining cake was characterized by European hazelnut components to obtain a partially defatted by-product high in protein (37.10 - 39.35 %), carbohydrate (30.24 - 32.33 %), fiber (3.95- to-4.32 %) and ash (2.27-2.72 %, favorable for other uses in food products. The phenolic and antioxidant compounds of the European hazelnut are mainly found in the cuticle (external cover of the unhusked seed), and migration towards the oils extracted in the process is appreciated. Finally, due to its cellulosic composition, the shell is currently used for charcoal production, combustion ofthe material and biogas production, but due to its high antioxidant capacity, it also would allow for the generation of other value-added alternatives.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al título de Ingeniero Agroindustrial
Keywords
Avellanas - Chile, Antioxidantes, Mecanización agrícola - Chile