Efectos de el niño y la niña en las condiciones hidrográficas en las zonas norte, centro, sur y austral de Chile.
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Date
2024
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Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) es uno de los eventos de interacción océano-atmósfera más importantes y dominantes en el mundo, es una oscilación climática tropical que repercute en todo el planeta a través de teleconexiones atmosféricas. Su ciclo oscila entre dos fases; la fase cálida, El Niño y la fase fría, La Niña. La variabilidad de ENOS se ha incrementado en la década de los 2000 y su estudio es esencial para comprender y mitigar los impactos del cambio climático, mejorar la resiliencia de las comunidades ante eventos climáticos extremos y avanzar en la sostenibilidad ambiental y socioeconómica. Este fenómeno tiene impactos significativos en los patrones climáticos y las condiciones meteorológicas en diversas partes del mundo, lo que impacta en diferentes áreas de interés para el ser humano, como el clima global, la pesca y agricultura, los recursos hídricos y los ecosistemas marinos y terrestres. La región norte de Chile (18-24°S) está sujeta a una gran variabilidad interanual debido a ENOS y la surgencia costera permanente debido a la presencia del anticiclón del Pacífico Sur-Oriental. Chile centro-sur (35°-41°S) se caracteriza por una fuerte surgencia costera estacional, donde ENOS fuerza cambios en la oceanografía regional, modulando la intensidad de la surgencia. La región austral del Pacífico Sur (45°-56°S) se ve influenciada tanto por ENOS como por otras oscilaciones climáticas, por lo que ENOS podría no ser el principal impulsor de las anomalías anuales de la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) en esta zona. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo principal analizar la intensidad de los cambios en las condiciones hidrográficas de la columna de agua durante eventos ENOS a lo largo de Chile. El estudio se basa estudio en el análisis de perfiles de temperatura y salinidad hasta los 900 metros de profundidad en la columna de agua, utilizando datos provenientes de boyas ARGO recopilados durante los últimos 22 años en las zonas norte (18-28°S), centro (28-38°S), sur (38-48°S) y austral (48-56°S) de Chile. Se llevaron a cabo análisis comparativos de tres periodos El Niño y tres periodos La Niña, evaluando los cambios en perfiles de temperatura y salinidad en profundidad para las cuatro zonas definidas. Este análisis se complementó con la revisión de series de tiempo de TSM mediante datos recolectados por el Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada de Chile (SHOA), así como con el análisis de imágenes satelitales de TSM para toda el área de estudio. Los resultados destacan cambios más intensos en la zona norte, con una disminución gradual hacia las zonas centro, sur y austral. Se concluye que ENOS impacta la columna de agua hasta al menos los 300 metros de profundidad en la zona oceánica de Chile, aunque la magnitud y la naturaleza de estos impactos pueden variar según el evento específico y la región geográfica. La contribución crucial de las boyas ARGO en esta investigación ha permitido comprender el impacto de ENOS a diversas profundidades, subrayando su importancia para estudios futuros en áreas oceanográficas y de interés, como el cambio climático.
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most important and dominant ocean-atmosphere interaction events globally. It is a tropical climate oscillation that affects the entire planet through atmospheric teleconnections. Its cycle oscillates between two phases: the warm phase, El Niño, and the cold phase, La Niña. The variability of ENSO has increased in the 2000s, and its study is essential for understanding and mitigating the impacts of climate change, improving community resilience to extreme weather events, and advancing environmental and socioeconomic sustainability. This phenomenon has significant impacts on climate patterns and weather conditions in various parts of the world, affecting different areas of human interest such as global climate, fishing and agriculture, water resources, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The northern region of Chile (18-24°S) experiences considerable interannual variability due to ENSO and the permanent coastal upwelling caused by the presence of the Southeastern Pacific Anticyclone. Central-southern Chile (35°-41°S) is characterized by strong seasonal coastal upwelling, where ENSO forces change in regional oceanography, modulating the intensity of the upwelling. The southern region of the South Pacific (45°-56°S) is influenced by both ENSO and other climate oscillations, suggesting that ENSO may not be the primary driver of annual sea surface temperature anomalies in this zone. The main objective of this research was to analyze the intensity of changes in hydrographic conditions in the water column during ENSO events along the coast of Chile. The study was based on the analysis of temperature and salinity profiles down to 900 depths in the water column, collected by the ARGO floats over the past 22 years in the northern (18-28°S), central (28-38°S), southern (38-48°S), and austral (48-56°S) zones of Chile. Comparative analyses were conducted for three El Niño periods and three La Niña periods, evaluating changes in temperature and salinity at depth for the four defined zones. This analysis was complemented by reviewing sea surface temperature time series collected by SHOA, as well as analyzing satellite images of sea surface temperature for the entire study area. The results highlight more intense changes in the northern zone, with a gradual decrease towards the central, southern, and austral zones. It is concluded that ENSO impacts the water column to depths of at least 300 meters in the oceanic zone of Chile, although the magnitude and nature of these impacts may vary depending on the specific event and geographical region. The crucial contribution of ARGO floats in this research has allowed understanding the impact of ENSO at various depths, emphasizing their importance for future studies in oceanographic and related areas, such as climate change.
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most important and dominant ocean-atmosphere interaction events globally. It is a tropical climate oscillation that affects the entire planet through atmospheric teleconnections. Its cycle oscillates between two phases: the warm phase, El Niño, and the cold phase, La Niña. The variability of ENSO has increased in the 2000s, and its study is essential for understanding and mitigating the impacts of climate change, improving community resilience to extreme weather events, and advancing environmental and socioeconomic sustainability. This phenomenon has significant impacts on climate patterns and weather conditions in various parts of the world, affecting different areas of human interest such as global climate, fishing and agriculture, water resources, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The northern region of Chile (18-24°S) experiences considerable interannual variability due to ENSO and the permanent coastal upwelling caused by the presence of the Southeastern Pacific Anticyclone. Central-southern Chile (35°-41°S) is characterized by strong seasonal coastal upwelling, where ENSO forces change in regional oceanography, modulating the intensity of the upwelling. The southern region of the South Pacific (45°-56°S) is influenced by both ENSO and other climate oscillations, suggesting that ENSO may not be the primary driver of annual sea surface temperature anomalies in this zone. The main objective of this research was to analyze the intensity of changes in hydrographic conditions in the water column during ENSO events along the coast of Chile. The study was based on the analysis of temperature and salinity profiles down to 900 depths in the water column, collected by the ARGO floats over the past 22 years in the northern (18-28°S), central (28-38°S), southern (38-48°S), and austral (48-56°S) zones of Chile. Comparative analyses were conducted for three El Niño periods and three La Niña periods, evaluating changes in temperature and salinity at depth for the four defined zones. This analysis was complemented by reviewing sea surface temperature time series collected by SHOA, as well as analyzing satellite images of sea surface temperature for the entire study area. The results highlight more intense changes in the northern zone, with a gradual decrease towards the central, southern, and austral zones. It is concluded that ENSO impacts the water column to depths of at least 300 meters in the oceanic zone of Chile, although the magnitude and nature of these impacts may vary depending on the specific event and geographical region. The crucial contribution of ARGO floats in this research has allowed understanding the impact of ENSO at various depths, emphasizing their importance for future studies in oceanographic and related areas, such as climate change.
Description
Tesis para optar al título profesional de Biólogo/a Marino/a
Keywords
Oscilaciones atmosféricas, Cambio climático