Participación de la niñez y adolescencia en región del Bío Bío, Chile y la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía, España: Análisis comparativo de políticas y mecanismos de participación desde las experiencias de sus protagonistas.
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Date
2026
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidad de Concepción
Abstract
La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo comparar las políticas y mecanismos de participación ciudadana de niños, niñas y adolescentes en la Región del Biobío, Chile, y en la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía, España. El estudio se desarrolló mediante una metodología cualitativa, de tipo descriptivo y con una perspectiva fenomenológica. Para la comparación de ambos contextos territoriales se utilizó el método comparado, mediante un Diseño de Sistemas de Máxima Similitud. Como técnicas de producción de información se emplearon el análisis documental y las entrevistas semiestructuradas a niños, niñas, adolescentes, profesionales y académicos/as vinculados a políticas de infancia y mecanismos de participación.
Los resultados muestran que ambos contextos presentan avances normativos e institucionales en el reconocimiento del derecho a participar, aunque mediante configuraciones diferentes. En la Región del Biobío, la participación se articula principalmente a partir del Sistema de Garantías y Protección Integral de los Derechos de la Niñez y Adolescencia, las Oficinas Locales de la Niñez y los consejos consultivos; mientras que en Andalucía se observa una mayor descentralización y diversidad de iniciativas municipales y del tercer sector, junto con una mayor heterogeneidad territorial en su implementación.
Niños, niñas y adolescentes valoran la participación como una experiencia significativa asociada a expresar opiniones, representar a otros, aprender y contribuir a sus comunidades. Entre las principales barreras se identifican la falta de recursos, la sobrecarga profesional, la discontinuidad política, la débil coordinación institucional, la escasa formación especializada y las prácticas adultocéntricas; mientras que destacan como facilitadores el compromiso de los equipos, las metodologías participativas, la motivación de quienes participan, la articulación territorial y el respaldo institucional.
Se concluye, además, que la existencia de mecanismos formales no garantiza, por sí sola, una participación efectiva, por lo que su fortalecimiento requiere políticas capaces de sostener procesos participativos continuos, territorialmente pertinentes y con mayores posibilidades de incidencia de niños, niñas y adolescentes en los asuntos que les afectan.
The aim of this research was to compare policies and mechanisms for the civic participation of children and adolescents in the Biobío Region, Chile, and the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. The study was conducted using a qualitative methodology, with a descriptive design and a phenomenological perspective. The comparative method was used to examine both territorial contexts through a Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD). Documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews were used as data generation techniques, involving children, adolescents, professionals, and academics linked to policies concerning children and adolescents and to participation mechanisms. The findings show that both contexts have made normative and institutional progress in recognizing the right to participation, although through different institutional configurations. In the Biobío Region, participation is mainly articulated through the System of Guarantees and Comprehensive Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents, the Local Offices for Children, and advisory councils. In Andalusia, by contrast, there is greater decentralization and a wider diversity of municipal and third-sector initiatives, together with greater territorial heterogeneity in their implementation. Children and adolescents value participation as a meaningful experience associated with expressing their views, representing others, learning, and contributing to their communities. The main barriers identified include limited resources, professional workload, political discontinuity, weak institutional coordination, insufficient specialized training, and adult-centric practices. Key facilitators include the commitment of professional teams, participatory methodologies, participants’ motivation, territorial coordination, and institutional support. The study also concludes that the existence of formal participation mechanisms does not, in itself, guarantee effective participation. Strengthening these mechanisms therefore requires policies capable of sustaining continuous and territorially relevant participatory processes, while providing greater opportunities for children and adolescents to influence decisions on matters that affect them.
The aim of this research was to compare policies and mechanisms for the civic participation of children and adolescents in the Biobío Region, Chile, and the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. The study was conducted using a qualitative methodology, with a descriptive design and a phenomenological perspective. The comparative method was used to examine both territorial contexts through a Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD). Documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews were used as data generation techniques, involving children, adolescents, professionals, and academics linked to policies concerning children and adolescents and to participation mechanisms. The findings show that both contexts have made normative and institutional progress in recognizing the right to participation, although through different institutional configurations. In the Biobío Region, participation is mainly articulated through the System of Guarantees and Comprehensive Protection of the Rights of Children and Adolescents, the Local Offices for Children, and advisory councils. In Andalusia, by contrast, there is greater decentralization and a wider diversity of municipal and third-sector initiatives, together with greater territorial heterogeneity in their implementation. Children and adolescents value participation as a meaningful experience associated with expressing their views, representing others, learning, and contributing to their communities. The main barriers identified include limited resources, professional workload, political discontinuity, weak institutional coordination, insufficient specialized training, and adult-centric practices. Key facilitators include the commitment of professional teams, participatory methodologies, participants’ motivation, territorial coordination, and institutional support. The study also concludes that the existence of formal participation mechanisms does not, in itself, guarantee effective participation. Strengthening these mechanisms therefore requires policies capable of sustaining continuous and territorially relevant participatory processes, while providing greater opportunities for children and adolescents to influence decisions on matters that affect them.
Description
Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Magíster en Trabajo Social y Políticas Sociales.
Keywords
Participación ciudadana, Niños, Adolescentes, Políticas públicas